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* LINDATJ. 288 LINDENAU. went two years later to IJcrlin. and in 1872 founded Die (Uyciniarl, which he edited till 1881. In 1877 he founded also urd uiid tiiid. He vis- ited the United SUttes in 1883 as guest of Henry Villanl on the occasion of the ceremonial opening of the Northern Pacific Railroad. He traveled widely in our then opening West and published his letters to the Natiomil-Zcitiiiuj of Berlin as Aus der neiien ^'clt (Berlin, 1SS4). Lindau is author of some sixty volumes of dra- mas, stories, sketches, and critical or controversial pamphlets, as well as of many dramatic adapta- tions. The more noteworthy of his critical es- says are: Harm lose llricfe eincs dculschen Kieinstiidtem (1870): Lillrrarische Ilurksichts- losigkeiten (1871): and Dranuidirgische liliit- Icr (187.'j-!)n). To the study of French literature he contributed essays on Molure (1872) and Al- fred dc Mmset ( 1877). The more noteworthy of his novels are Herr und Fran ficwer (7th eel. 1882) and Spit^en (translated a.s "Lace," 1888). Typical of his dramas are Die Erate (1895) and Der Abend (lS!)(i). l)ut many others are note- worthy for their technie, their instinct of stage effect, and their bright and witty dialogue. Con- sult Hadlich, I'aiil l/indan (ils drniiKiliselier Diehter (Berlin, lS7(i), LINDAIT, RunoLF (1820—), A German nov- elist, liriitlicr of Paul Lindau. bora October 10, 1829, in fiardelegen, lie was for many years in the consular and diplomatic .service of Switzer- land and (iermaiiy. Lindau studied in ^lont- pellier and Paris; he contril)uted to the Iteviie des Deux Moiides. the Fi</<iro. and the Joiirnul des Dehals. From 1S59 to 1809 he lived in the Far East and in California, In 18fi4 with Charles Rickerliy he founded the Japan Times at Yokohama, In' 181)9 he returned to Germany, was war correspondent in the Franco- Prussian War, and from 1872 to 1878 was employed at the German Embassy in Paris, After that he lived chiefly in Berlin, His writings in French and English ju-ove him a thorough cosmoiiolitan. Wide travel and keen observation of men and jiianners are obvious in his works: Vit voyaije initoiir di( -Idiioii (ISfU): I'eines perdiies (short stories, 1880) : The Philosopher's Pendulum, and Other (Stories (1883): in German, Die preus- sische Garde im Feldziiqe /S70-77 (1872) : Robert Ishton (1879) : t<chiffbruch (2d ed, 1880) ; (lule Cesellsehafl (2d ed, 1883) ; DerGasI (1883): Zwei Seelen (1888): Marlhn (1892): Liebes- heiraten (1894) : Aus China und Japan (1896) : Tiirh-ischc Geseliichleu (1891): Der Fannr und Mdjifair (189S): Zuci Reisen in der Tiirkei (1S99). Lindau's Gesammelte Ronifine und yorellen came out in six volumes at Berlin (1892-93). LINDBLAD, llndldad, Adolf Freokik (1801- 7S). A Swedish composer, born at Skenninge, near Stockludm, He went to Berlin to study music under Zelter, but in 1835 settled in Stock- holm, He composed many charming songs which were made poptilar by his jnipil. Jenny Lind. They are distinctly Swedish in melody and har- mony. He also wrote an opera, Frondurernn, a. symphony, which was given by the Leipzig Gew-andhaus, and a delightful violin sonata. He died in Stockholm, lilNDE, ITn'dc, S.Miii'Ei. Gottlieb (1771- 1847), A Polish lexicographer, born at Thorn, Prussia. He studied at Leipzig, where he sidi- sci|Mi'ntly taught Polish, and was employed in a l>oiiUed director of the lyccum of Warsaw, where he died. His Wurterbuch der polnischen tfprache ( vols., Warsaw, 1807-14; edited by Szajnocha, Lemberg, 1854-00) has retained nuicli of its sci- entific value, LINDEGK.EN, lin'dc-gren, Amalia (1814- 91). A Swedish painter, born at Stockholm. She p;inted for several years without instruction, and then studied at the Stockholm Academy. After- wards she obtained a traveling purse and studied in Paris under Tissier and Cognict. Still later she visited Munich, and finally settled in Rome. Her works are genre and portraits, and she is considered the greatest of Swedish women paint ers. Her "Grandfather and Granddaughter" (1853) is in the Christiania Gallery, and the ■nance in a Peasant's Cottage" is in the Stock- ludm Museum, IiINDEMANN, lin'dc-nii'in, Fehdinand (ISoi — ). A (ici-Hian mathematician. Ixu'n in Han- over. He studied at GiJtlingen, Erlangen (where he took his degree in 1873), London, and Paris, lie began his teaching in Wiirzburg in 1877, and in the same year was made professor at Freibur;;. He was called to a professorship at KJinigsberg in 1883. and ten years later to a similar position at Munich. He is celebrated for having given the first proof that ■«■ is a transcendental n>un her, and that therefore the circle cannot In 'squared' (see the article Circle) by the use of the compasses and the unmarked straight-edge. Lindemaim's contributions have been chiciiy in the form of memoirs published in the l'roeeediii<is of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences. Ho also jmblished T^ntersnehunfien iiber den Riemami' Roeh'sehen t^at.~ (1879). and edited Clebsch's Vnrlesiiniien iiber Geomrlrie (187(i). LINDEMANN-FROMMEL, fn'mi'mcl. Karl AuGli.ST ( 1819-91 ) . A German painter and lithog- rapher, bcn-n at Jlarkirch, Alsace. He studied in Munich under Rottmann. hut was also inlln- enced bv Olivier. In 1845-49 he lived in Rome, thence went to London, where his water-colors were much appreciated, and once more was at- tracted to ^funich, but soon left it again for Paris, where he first began to paint in oil, and where Ingres showed especial interest in his composi- tions. In 185G he settled permanently in Rome, and in 1878 was appointed professor at the Ac- eailemia di San Luca, His works are distin- guished for romantic conception and lustrous coloring, and include, among many other fine views of Italian scenery: "The Cloister at Al- bano." in the Vienna Museum: "Gulf of La Spezia," in the Karlsrnlie (Jnllery: "Bay of Naples," ;ind "The Imperial Palaces in Rome." lilNDETT, lin'den. A town in the Province of Hanover, Prussia. Until 1885 it was a suburb of the citv of Hanover, from which it is divided bv the'lhnie (Map: Prussia. C 2). It has large niachine-works, velvet, woolen, and carpet weav- ing establishments, and also produces cast iron, chemicals, sugar, rubber, ultramarine, asphalt, wagons, and bricks. Populafion, in 1890, 28,03."); in 1900, 50.423. LINDEN. Various species of the genus Tilia, See LniE-TREE. LINDEN ATI, ltn'dp-no<i, Bernhard Aitoust VON (1779-1854), A Saxon statesman and as-
 * uiv:de "library in Vienna. In 1803 he was ap-