Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/242

* LIEUTENANT. 220 LIEZEN-MAYEB. grades of lioutpiiants — those of the senior grade ranking with captains of the army, and those of the junior fjrade with first lieutenants of the army. Jn l'J2 there were on the active list of tiic Lnited States Navy 300 lieutenants of the senior grade and 350 junior lieutenants and en- signs (these grades are grouped together, no definite number being assigned to either sepa- rately). The pay of lieutenants when at sea is the same as that of oHicers of corresponding rank in the army, but on shore it is 15 per cent. less. The lieutenants of both grades are the navigating, wafcli, and division oliicers on board vessels of all classes, except first-rates, which usually have lieutenant-commanders for navigators. When in charge of a vessel's deck they are the representa- tive of the commanding ollicer, and their author- ity, subject to the orders of the executive olTieer, is recognized in all matters pertaining to the management and police of the vessel that come under their supervision. It is also their duty to see that a bright lookout is kept, that the vessel is pro|>erly steered, the sails trimmed, and the subordinate oliicers and the men of the watch are at their stations. In charge of a gun division they are held responsible for its ellieiency in all respects. See Ra.nk and Command. LIEUTENANT-COLONEL. The interme- diate raid< between major and colonel. In the United States Army his duties are to assist the colonel in command of the regiment. LIEUTENANT-COMMANDER. An olTicer of the ( lilted Stales Nay above the rank of lieutenant and below that of commander. The grade was established upon the reorganization of the navy in 1802. Lieutenant-commanders rank with majors in the army and have the same pay when at sea, but on shore duly their pay is 15 per cent. less. A lieuteiiaiit-coiiiiiiander may command a ship of the fourth rale or a ship not rated or serve as executive (illlcer, navigator, or .senior engineer ofiicer in a ship commanded by an officer of a superior grade. On shore he per- forms such duties as may be assigned him. Lientenantconunanders who were formerly engi- neer officers, and are by law restricted to the performance of engineering duties, are assigned accordingly both at sea and on shore. LIEUTENANT-GENERAL. (ITnited States Army). According to the act of May 28. 1708, the President is authorized to appoint, by consent of the Senate, a commander of the army. It is provided that the commander of the army, as well as other officers appointed under the act, may be discharged whenever in the opinion of the President the public safety justifies it. Originally the comniander was commissioned as lieutenant-general, but on March .S, 1700, it vas enacted that this rank be abolished, and the title of general substituted. On February 15. 1855, (he grade of lieutenant-general was revived that it might be conferred on Majnr-Oeneral Scott for his services in the Mexican War. In Febru- ary, 1864, an act of Congress was passed directing that the grade of lieutenant-general be again re- vived (Oeneral Scott having retired in ISfil). On March 2, 1864, Majnr-Gen. U. S. Grant received the appointment, followed on .July 25, 1866, by Major-Gen. W. T. Sherman, the grade of <;encral having been revived for Lieutenant-General Grant. When the latter was elected President of the United States, Lieutenant-General Sher- man was made general. Majur-tien. P. H. Slieri- dan becoming lieutenant-general. An act of Congress, 1870, abolished the olfice of lieutenant- general and general as soon as vacated. Major- Uen. J. M. Seliolield was promoted to the grade of lieutenant-general by act of Congress on Feb- ruary 5, 1805, retiring from active service as such on September 20, 1805. Major-Gen. N. A. Miles succeeded as commanding general of the army, the rank of lieutenant-general being again revived and conferred on him in 1000. LIEVEN, le'ven, Dorothea, Princess of (1784-1857). A woman once prominent in the diplomatic circles of Europe, the daughter of Christoph von Benkendorf, an Ksthonian of the middle class. She was born at Riga, and received a brilliant education. She was married in 1800 to Prince Christoph Lieven, Russian Ambassador to Prussia, displayed remarkable diplomatic apti- tude, and soon enjoyed a Continental reputation. On her husband's appointment to the Court of Saint .Tames in 1812, she speedily established herself in a firm position in the political and fashionable society of London. In 1837, upon the death of her husband, she removed to Paris. Here her salon was the centre of schemes and intrigue involving the interests of half of Europe. LIEVENS, le'vens, LIVENS, or LIE- VENSZ, .Ian (1607-74). A Dutch painter, bnrn at Le.yden. He studied at an early age under Joris van Sehooton, and later with Peter Last- man at Amsterdam. His work became known in England through the Prince of Orange, who pre- sented one of his pictures to Charles I., and the King invited him to visit his Court. There the artist remained three years. On his return he went to Antwerp. He painted religious and his- torical subjects and also portraits. As an en- graver he takes a high rank ; his plates are some- what in the manner of Rembrandt. LIEZEN-MAYER, le'tsen-mi'er, Alexander VON (1830-08). An Hungarian painter and illus- trator, born at Raab. After pursuing the usual routine course of study at the academies of Vienna and Munich he became the pupil of Piloty in 1862, and forthwith attracted attention with two episodes from the history of his native land, "Queens ilary and Elizabeth of Hungary at the Tomb of Louis the Great," and "Corona- tion of Charles of Durazzo." Three years after- wards he won a first prize, and was commissioned by the Academy to paint "Canonization of Eliza- beth of Thuringia." Signal success came to him in 1807 with the completion of his "Maria Theresa Nursing a Poor Woman's Child." The masterly ell'orts in portraiture to which he now devoted himself for a period led to his being called to Vienna in 1870 to paint the portrait of Emperor Francis .Joseph, and numerous subse- quent commissions in the same line detained him there for two years. After his return to Munich he painted, among others, "Elizal)cth Signing the Death Warrant of :Iary Stuart" (1873), now in the Museum at Cologne. That he was a draughts- man of the first rank is amply proved by his illus- trations to Goethe's FntiM (fifty cartoons) and Schiller's An;/ of the Bell (thirty-two), done be- tween 1874 and 1880. One of his most .impressive creations is "Saint Elizabeth Giving Her Cloak to a Poor Woman" (1882), in the National Museum at Budapest. He was appointed director of the School of Art at Stuttgart in 1880, but returned