Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/239

* LIECHTENSTxilN. 217 LIEGE. the capital, is subordinate, and which serves also as a court of the second instance. The highest judicial authority of the principality is the Supreme Court at Innsbruck. The inhabitants are free from military duty as well as from direct taxes. The revenue and expenditures for I'.lOO amounted to .$155,912 and $142,987 respect- ively. The principality has no public debt and no mint; the Austrian currency and the Austrian weights and measures and postal system are used. Liechtenstein forms a part of the Catholic Bishopric of Chur, Switzerland. Population, in 1891, 9434. The inhabitants are German. The reigning house of Liechtenstein dates from the twelfth century. In 1719 the two principalities of Vaduz and Schellenberg Were recognized by the Emperor Cliarles VI. as an independent prin- cipality, whose princes acquired a seat in the Reichstag in 1723. Liechtenstein left the Ger- manic Confederation in 18(iC, and has since been politically independent, though economically allied with Austria. Tlie Prince of Liechtenstein resides for the most part at Vienna. LIED, let (Ger.. song). A German term which has no equivalent in any other language, denoting an art-form established by Franz Schu- bert and extensively cultivated since then by conipo.sers of all ranks and nationalities. The Germans also use the term Kunstlied to distin- guish the art-form of Schubert from the Volks- lied or folk-song, from which it is a natural development. During the latter half of the eighteenth century several German composers be- gan to compose simple songs which were con- sciously modeled after the old folk-songs and were called volkstiunliche Lieder. J. A. Hiller (1728-1804) may be regarded as the father of this style. A. T." Schulz and his followers created the short .sj-mmetrieal Uedform. By means of this the composer was enabled on the one hand to pre- serve the unity of mood IStimDiiing), on the other to reproduce faithfully the spirit of the individual word by means of proper declamation and harmonization. Schubert's rare genius raised this simple form at once into the domain of the highest musical art. The next step was the broadening of the strophic form into the durch- komponierte Lied. In the strophic form all the verses are set to the same music. The durchkom- ponierte Lied pays more attention to the indi- vidual word by allowing different musical themes for different stanzas. Schubert succeeds -in pre- serving artistic unity by various means, repeti- tion of some musical phrase, insistence upon some rhythmic or melodic figure in the piano- part, etc. Besides Schubert other great com- posers of the lied are Schumann. R. Franz, Liszt, Rubinstein. Mendelssohn, .Jensen, Brahms, Grieg, and T~clmikowski. LIEDFORM, let'fCrm (Ger.. song-form). A musical form very much employed in instru- mental music and borrowed originally from the strophic lied. It consists of three sections with two themes, A. B, A. See FoEM. LIEGE, le-azh' (Flem. Luik. Ger. LuHich). The capital of the Belgian province of the same name, and one of the most important manufac- turing centres of Belgium, situated on both banks" of the Meuse at" its confluence with the Ourthe, in a region remarkably picturesque (Map: Belgium. D 4). The hills which form the background of the citv on both sides of the river are fortified by a circle of detached forts. The Meuse makes an island at Lifege, and divides the city into two parts, the old town on the left bank, containing the principal public buildings, and the new town on the right bank, l)eing given up chief- ly to manufacturing industries. The river is spanned licre by six main bridges, of which the Pont des Arches is the most attractive. Lifege has good waterworks, electric lighting, and ex- cellent local transportation. The centre of the city, the Square d'Avroy, is splendidly laid out and is adorned with an equestrian statue of Charlemagne. Chief among the churches is the fine Cathedral of Saint Paul, founded in 908 and completed in 1.528. It is built mainly in Gothic style, has a richly ornamented . interior, a note- worthy pulpit and paintings. The splendid Church of Saint .Jacques dates from 10.)fi and pos- sesses an attiaetive interior; the Basilica of Saint Barthelemy is of the twelfth century, and has a remarkable bronze font of the year 1112. Among other churdies maj- be mentioned Sainte Croix, a curious pile built in 970, but repeatedly restored since then; and Saint Martin, founded in 9G2 and rebuilt in Gothic style in 1542. Per- haps the most striking building of Lifege is the Palais de .Justice. It was constructed as an episcopal palace in 1.508-40, and was entirely restored in 1848-56. The exterior is ornamented with sculptures. The most interesting part of the building is the two interior courts surrounded by vaulted arcades and unique columns, a mix- ture o£ Gothic and Renaissance. Some of the rooms in the building are furnished with royal splendor. The building contains, besides the law court and the provinci.nl administration offices, an interesting archseological museum. The the- atre is a modern building (1808-22) modeled after the Od^on in Paris. In front of it stands a bronze statue of the composer Grttry, who was born here. The university buildings are also modern and scattered all over the city. The university, founded in 1817 by the Dutch Govern- ment, is a State institution, has faculties of phi- losophy, jurisprudence, mathematics and natural sciences, medicine and technologj-, with an at- tendance of about 1100 students, including 200 foreigners. Its natural hi^itory museum is rich in the remains of antediluvian animals found in caverns in the district. Attached to the imiver- sity are a library' of 200.000 volumes, anatomical and physiological institutes, a chemical labora- tory, and a zoological institute. The other im- portant educational institutions of Li^ge are the Ecole des Mines et des Arts et Manufactures and the Ecole Electro-Technique, both affiliated with the university; a seminary for teachers, an episcopal seminary, an academy of art. a royal conservatory of music (attended by 600 pupils and famous for its teaching of stringed instru- ments), institutions for the blind and the deaf and dumb, and a number of scientific organiza- tions. The municipal museum, situated in the old cloth hall, contains a small collection of paint- ings, chiefly by native artists. Lifge has both zor.logical "and botanical gardens. From the loftv citadel, erected in 1650. there is a magnifi- cent view. Industrially the city is noted for its extensive manufactures of weapons, which give emplovment to a large portion of the artisan population. A characteristic feature about this branch of production is that it is still carried