Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/234

* LICK OBSERVATORY. 212 dome, which has au exterior diameter of 76 feet, is moved by water-power, as is the observation platform. A smaller dome contains a 12-inch telescoix;. In front is a piazza, and on the back a plain of about 100 yards in e.Ment has been made by blasting ott' a peak of the mountain. Upon this a great meridian circle, made by the Itej>solds, is mounted; also a transit instrument, a photoheliograph, and a three-foot retlecting telescope, that formerly belonged to Crossley of England. A lens for photography has been so arranged that it can be attached to the end of the big telescope. The entire fund for the con- struction of this obscnatory was given by James Lick. See Lick, James. LICORICE, or LIQUORICE (OF. licorice, from l.iit. Ii(jiiiriliti. corruplcd fiDni glt/cyrrhiza, Gk. yXvKiippi^a, ijlyl;i/rilii:(i. licorice-plant, from ■yXvKis, ijlykys, sweet, + plt^a, ilii.:(i, root), Gly- vynhi:a. A genus of perennial herbs of the nat- ural order Leguminosae, the members of which have long, pliant, sweet roots, and generally creeping rootstocks; odd-pinnate leaves of many leaflets; flowers in spikes, racemes, or heads. The roots are valuable bccaiise of a yellow trans- parent, imcrystallizable substance called glycyr- rhizin. allied to sugar, soluble in both water 'and alcohol, and fonning compounds with both acids and bases, and used in medicine. The common licorice {(Hycynhizn yliihrn), native of the south of Europe and of many parts of Asia, has stems three to four feet high, and racemes LIDDON. of whitish violet-colored flowers. It is cultivated in many parts of Kurope. chiefly in Spain and Kussia. it has been grown to a limited extent in Louisiana and California. The roots are ex- tensively employed by porter-brewers. They are imported into the United States in considerable quantity, and the black concentrated extract of them (black sugar or stick licorice) is largely imported from the south of Europe, in rolls or sticks. ])acked in bay-leaves. After a plantation lias been made, almost three years mu.st elapse l)pfore the roots can be dug for use. Licorice re- quires a deep, rich, loose soil, well manured. The roots penetrate to the depth of more than a vard; straight tap-roots are most esteemed. The plant is propagated by cuttings of the rootstalks. but when once planted the ground will be stocked for many years because the small pieces of root left after digging will grow. The plant is likely to prove a pest upon land suitable to its growth. The roots of the prickly licorice IGlyc^irrhiza echinnta) are used in the same way. chiefly in Italv and Sicily. Russia, and the East. LICTOR. The ollicial attendant of a magis- trate in ancient Kome. The origin of the name is obscure; ancient writers derive it from liyuic, "to bind,' because it was the lictors' duty to bind criminals for execution; but this is improbable, as the proper form would then be ligator. Jlore likely is the derivation from liccre, "to summon,' as they were detailed to summon the voters to the coiiiitia ciiriata. In kingly Rome the lictors were twelve in number, and served as personal at- tendants of the King. L'nder the Republic the consul had twelve, the dictators twenty-four, the mayisttr ci/tiitiim six, and the pra>tor two. In the ])rovinccs, the proconsul was allowed twelve and the propra-tor six. During the first century of the Empire the Em]x>ror was attended by twelve lictors; but Domitian increased the number to twenty-four, and afterwards the oflice was wholly abolished. Besides those attached to the persons of the civil magistrates, other lictors were as- signed to the ,11211 religious functionaries. The chief priest [pontifex maximun) had twelve, the priest of .Jupiter iflainen Dittlis) six; and when a vestal virgin went through the streets she was accompanied by a single lictor. During the Re- public the lictors were men of plebeian rank, under the Empire largely freedmen. They wore the toga, and walked in single file before the magistrate, each bearing on his left shoulder the fii.TV.'!, or bundle of rods tied about an axe. as a symbol of authority. Their duty was to clear the road for the magistrate, see that his authority was respected, and. in general, execute his orders. LID'DELL. Hk.nry George (1811-98). An English classical scholar. He studied at Charter- house School, then at Christ Church. Oxford, from which he was graduated in 1833 with high- est honors. He was head-master of Westminster School from 184t) to 185.5. and in 1802 became chaplain extraordinary to the Queen. In 1855 he was made Dean of Christ Church, and was vice- chancellor from 1870 to 1874. He wrote a His- tory of Rome from the Earlirxt Timrx to the Es- tahlishmciit of the Empire (1855). but he is best known as the author, together with Dean Scott, of the standard Greek Lexicon (1843, 8th ed. 1807). based on Passow's work. LIIKDON, Hexry P.BRY (1.829-00). An Eng- lish clergj'uian. generally acknowledged to have been the greatest pulpit orator of his time in the Church of England. He was born at North Stoneham. Hampshire, and educated at King's College School. London, and Christ Church, 0.x- ford. where he took his degree in 1850. He was ordained deacon in 1852 and priest in 1853. pro- ceeding to his first pastoral work at Wantage. In 1854 he was chosen to be the first vice-prin- cipal of Bishop Wilberforce's new theological college at Cuddesdon : hut the pronounced Church views which he had imbibed at Oxford from as- sociation with Pusey and Keble. his intimate friends through life, led to his resignation in 1859. He then became vice-principal of Saint Edmund's Hall, and exercised a great and growing inllu- ence in university affairs. In 1870 he was ap- pointed Ireland professor of exegesis, but re- signed his chair in 1882 and took thereafter no active part in Oxford afTairs. regarding the changes made by the Universities Commission as a repudiation of religious influence. From 1870 until his death he was a canon of Saint Paul's, London, and here exercised his widest influence. His sermons recalled the traditions of the best