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* LICHTENSTEIN. 211 LICK OBSERVATORY. LICHTENSTEIN, iLK'teustin, ilAKTix Hein- BiCH Kabl (1780-1857). A Germau traveler and zoiilogist, boru at Hamburg, and educated at Jena and Hehnstedt. He went as physician and tutor with tlie Uutcli General Janssens to South Africa (1801), and served as surgeon to an in- fantry battalion of Hottentots and as govern- mental commissioner to the Bechvianas. In 1800, on the occupation of the colony by the English, he returned to Germany, devoting liimself to the study and classification of the zoological and especially ornithological material he had col- lected in Africa. In 1811 he was made professor of zoology at Berlin, and two years afterwards was appointed to succeed llliger as director of the Zoological lluseum. His more important publi- cations were Rcisen im siidlichen Afrika (1810- il land Darstclhingen netier oder icenig hekannter Siiiitjelieir ( IS27 34). LICHTENSTEIN, Ulricu vo.x. See Ulricii vox LiCHTENSTEI.N. LICHTWEB, liKt'ver, iUoxus Gottfried (1710-83). A German fabulist. He was born at Wurzen, studied law at Leipzig and Witten- berg, and was subsequently Canon of Saint Mau- ritius. His chief work is to be found in the Tier liitcher Aesopisclicr Fahrlii (1748). There is a collection of tichriften (1828) edited by Von Pott and Cramer. LICINIAN ROGATIONS (Lat. ro<jatione» Licinifr. from roiiarr. to ask I. A rogation was the term for a bill jiroposed by a Roman magis- trate for incorporation in the laws of the State. In B.C. 367, after a struggle of almost ten years, the tribunes Licinius Stolo and Lucius Sextius se- cured the adoption of a law that put an end to the long strife between patricians and plebeians. It provided ( 1 ) that the office of consular trib- une should be abolished, and that one of the two consuls should l)e a plebeian: (2) that no one should hold more than .500 iiiyem (about 250 acres) of the public land; (3) that no one should pasture more than 100 cattle or 500 sheep or goats upon the public lands; and (4) the easy payment of accumulated debts. The first ple- beian consul under the new law was Lucius Sextius himself. LIC'INIA'NTJS, Graxius. A Roman histo- rian. See Granius LiciNiAxrs, LICINIO, le-che'ne-6, Bernardino da Pok- DENON'E. . Italian portrait and religious paint- er of the ^'enetian school. The dates of his birth and death are unknown, but his pictures are dated 1524-42, He was born at Pordenone, and is related to tire great Pordenone ( q.v. ) . He is chiefly known as having been one of the first to paint, if not the inventor of. family portrait groups. Several of his family pieces survive, all representing the artist, surrounded by his family and pupils, of which good examples are in the Borghese Gallery. Rome, and at Hampton Court, (iood examples of his single portraits are in the galleries of Bergamo, Dresden, and Budapest. He also painted religious pieces, of which the best is a "Madonna Enthroned," in the Church of the Frari, Venice: others are in tlie Sciarra and Doria galleries. Rome, Ihe Palazza Balbi, Genoa, and the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg. LICINIUS, Caius FT.A^I■s Valerhts (c.270- 324). A Roman Emperor. A Dacian by birth, he entered the Roman .^rmy and rose to high com- mand. The Emperor Galerius, a comrade in old campaigns, made liim Augustus (307), after the death of Severus, with control of Panuonia and the Alpine district, Galerius died in 311, and Licinius strengthened himself in the West by marrying the sister of Constantino, and by con- curring in the Western Emperor's edict of tolera- tion to the Christians, By his defeat of Maxi- minus at Adrianople, Licinius became sole East- ern Emperor, But he soon quarreled with Con- stantine, and after his first defeat near Cibalis I 314) gave up to him his European domain ex- cept Thrace and a port of iloesia. Having taken up arms again and been defeated a second time by the Western Emperor at Adrianople and Chrysopolis (323), he sun-eiulered and was ex- ecuted for treason in spite of promises that his life would be spared. LICK, James (1796-1876), An .merican pnilanthropist, born in Fredericksburg, Pa. He learned the trade of a pianoforte manufac- turer, and followed the business in Philadelphia, Buenos Ayres, Valparaiso, and other places. In 1847 he settled in California, where he invested in real estate. The profits on this investment were very large, and in 1874 he placed .$3,000,000 in the hands of seven trustees, to be devoted to certain specified public and charitable uses. He twice appointed a new board of trustees. Lick's' principal bequests were; To the University of California for the erection of an observatory, and procuring therefor a telescope superior to and more powerful than any before constructed, .$700,000; to found an old ladies' home in San P'rancisco, .$100,000; for the erection and main- tenance in San Francisco of free public baths, $150,000: for the erection of three groups of bronze statuary, representing tlii'ee periods in the history of California, to be placed before the city hall of San Francisco, .$100,000; to erect in tiolden Gate Park a bronze monument to Francis Scott Key. $60,000 ; to found and endow the California School of Mechanic Arts in San Fran- cisco, $540,000. See Lick Observatoby. LICK'ING. A river of Kentucky, It rises in the mountains of Floyd County, in the eastern part of the State, flows northwest 200 miles, and empties into the Ohio opposite Cincinnati (Map; Kentucky, H 2). At high water small steamboats can ascend to Falmouth, a distance of 60 miles. LICK OBSER"VATORY, An astronomical observatory situated on Mount Hamilton, an eminence in the Coast range, California, 4285 feet high, and about 25 miles east of San Jose. It is reached by a carriage road 20 miles long, but of easy ascent. The observatory, which was completed in 1888, constitutes the astronomical department of the University of California. "The advantages gained by this particular situation are an unobstructed view for a radius of 100 miles, and opportunity for observation during the greater part of the year, clear nights occur- ring regularly for six or seven months. "The sreat telesco]ie is the sec'ond largest refracting telescope in the world, the objective having a clear aperture of 30 inches, and being surpassed onlv bv the 40-inch telescope at the Yerkes Ob- servatorv (q.v.) near Chicago. It has a focal length of 50 feet 2 inches, and the cast-iron column on which it rests has a dimension at the base of 17 feet north and south, and of 10 feet east and west. The point of suspension of the telescope tube is 36 feet from the floor. The