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* LHASA. 184 LIAKHOV. "Tibet from Chinese isourees," in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (London, 1891); Waddell, The Huddhism of Tibet (London, 1895) ; Sarat Chandra Dass, A Journey to Lhasa (Calcutta, 1885). LHEKMITTE, lAr'nitt', L£o.n Augustin (1844—). A French painter, born at Jlont Saint Pfere (Aisnej. He studied under Lecoq de Boisbaudran, and received a medal of lioiior at the Paris Exposition of 1889. His subjects are genre, generally peasant scenes. An excellent picture of his in this manner is '•The Vintage" (1884), which is in the Metropolitan Museum in New York City. His "Harvester's Wages" (1882) is in the Lu.xenibourg. LHERZOLITE, ler'z<^-lit (named from Lherz. in the Pjrenecs).' An igneous rock of the peri- dotite (q.v.) family, of which the es.sential min- erals are olivine, diallage, and an orthorhombic pyroxene. L'HSpitAL, I.','p.-'tiU', Giii.r..rME-FR..cois- Amoine i>e. Maniuis de Sainte-Mesme and Comte d'Kntremont (l(i(>l-1704). A French mathematician, born in Paris, the son of Gen, Anne-Alexandre de L'llopital. He early dis- played remarkable mathematical ability, solving at the age of fifteen certain problems on thecj'cloid proposed by Pascal. For a short time, he studied with .lohann Pernoulli, when the latter was in Paris. He entered the army and served for some time as captain of cavalrj', but his extreme myopia compelled him to relinquish his chosen profession. The rest of his life was devoted to mathematics. He was one of the first to put into intelligible language the Leibnitzian theory of the calculus. In Iti'Xi he was made honorary member of the Academy of S<-ienees of Paris, "and soon thereafter added to his reputation by a number of important discoveries in the new "analysis. He found the curve whose tangents, terminated by the axis, are proportional to the segments of the axis intercepted between the curve and the tan- gent, solved the problem of the brachistochrone. His first great work, and the first treatise to popularize the new calculus, was the Analyse des infininietit pctitx pour I'inlelligence drs liffnes courbes (1696, and numerous subsequent edi- tions). He died of apoplexy before the publi- cation of his se<-ond work," Traits aualytiquc dea sections conit/ues (1707: English ed. 1723). His numerous memoirs on mathematical subjects are to be found in the Rmieil de I' Academic des sciences ( 1699-1701 ), and in the Acta Eruditorum (169.'?-9n). L'HOPITAX, Michel de (1507-73). A French statesman, born at Aigueperse, in Au- vergne. He was the son of the Constable de Bourbon's physician. Implicated in the disgrace of the Constable, young L'Hopital was imprisoned for a time in 1523. but eventually escaped to Italy, where at Padua and Bologna he completed the law studies begun at Toulouse, and accepted a civil office at the Papal Court in Rome. On returning to France, in 1537. he soon became a counselor in the Parlement of Paris, and was employed on various diplomatic missions, and through successive offices he gradually rose to be Chancellor of France in 1560. It was with the aid of Catharine de' Medici, and in opposition to the Guises, that he was thus elevated, and the policy he inaugurated was one of tolerance and conciliation toward the Huguenots. The Prince of Conde was pardoned ; meetings of the Notables and of the Jstates-General were held; and the im- portant ordinance of Orleans (1561) marked a step forward in the development of the .State in that it abolished the Concordat of Francis I., did away with many feudal abuses, and reformed the judiciary. On the accession of Charles IX., in 1560, L'Hopital obtained pardon for many of the condemned Huguenots, and in Xeptember, 1561, arranged the famous conference at Poissy be- tween leading Catholic an<l Protestant theologians for the purpose of efl'ecting a reconciliation be- tween the two parties. The contending factions, however, failed to come to any agreement, and the failure of the conference only widened the breach and made recourse to arms inevitable. During the civil war that followed. L'Hopital con- tinued bis administrative reforms, and in 1566 put forth the Ordinance of Moulins. which was designed to protect the royal domains and to reform the magistracy and courts of France. Two years later the great Chancellor was forced from active office by the change in the policy of Catharine de' Medici and the hatred of the (iuises and the I'ltramontanes. He quitted the Court in May, 1568, but it was not until February I, 1573, that he was compelled to resign the Chan- cellorship. He died March 13. b1Z. He was an author of some note, and wrote Latin verses. His works, which were published under the title (Kuires completes de Michel de L'Hopital (5 vols.. Paris, 1824), edited by Dupuy de I'Yonne, contain much that is of interest for the history of France in the sixteenth centurr. For his life, consult: Villemain. Vie de L'Hopital (Paris, 1874) : Ehipre-Lasale. Michel de L'Hopital (Paris, 1875) ; Scitte, Un upotre dr In tolerance nil XVIeme siecle: Michel de L'Hopital ( Montau- ban, 1891 ) ; Fournier de Flaix, L'Hopital, son temps et sa politique (Paris, 1900). LI, le. The name of a Chinese measure of length. The li = .77 kilometer = .358 (rather more than one-third) English mile. LIABILITY. In the broadest sense, any obli- gation enforceable at law or in equity, including legal obligations to perform acts other than the payment of mcmey. The term is generally used, however, in a narrower sense as meaning a leg;il obligation to pay money: either a sum certain due and owing, as in the ea.se of a debt, or an unliquidated sum, as in case of damages due upon tort or upon breach of contract. The source of all legal liability is either contract (q.v. ), quasi-contract (q.v.) j or tort (q.v.). The term under the civil law is not applicable to responsibility under the criminal law. Parsons, Law of Contracts; Pollock, Law of Torts. See Contract: Quasi-contract: Tort; Debt; Em- ri.ovKR's LiABir.iTV : Limited Liadilttt. LIADOFF, ]e'!i-<lf,i. Anatole (1855—). A Russian composer and conductor, born at Saint Petersburg. He was educated at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, where he was subse- quently professor of harmony, and in 1894 be- came conductor of the Saint Petersburg JIusica! Society. His compositions, although of un- questioned originality and charm, are technically very difficult. They include morcennr. ara- besques, intermezzi, and considerable chamber and instrumental mu«ic. LIAKHOV, lp':'iK-nf. A croup of islands in the Arctic Ocean. See New Siberia.