Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/149

* LEO. 131 LEO. Greeks had given it up. Leo endeavored to ex- tirpate heresy (ilanicheisni. Priscillianism), but rather unsuccessfully. He died in Rome, Novem- ber 10, 401. His sermons and letters, of great interest and value, are in Migne, Patrologia Latina, liv.-lvi.. and a partial English translation in Xicene and I'ost-Siceiie Fathers, 2d series, xii. Consult: Gore, Leo the Great (London, 1880) ; Arendt, Leo der Grosse und seine Zeit (Mainz, 1835) ; Perthel, Papst Leos I. Lehen und Lehren (.Jena, 1843) ; Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche von Leo I. bis ^Ucolaus I. (Bonn, 1885). Leo II., Saint. Pope (582-fi83. He was born in Sicily. He confirmed the canons of the Council of Constantinople (G80-G81), and the condemna- tion of Pope Honorius for "not extinguishing the flame of incipient heresy." He succeeded in heal- ing the schism between the sees of Rome and Ra- venna, through an arrangement by which the bishops of Ravenna were to be ordained at Rome and to ba excused from the paj-nient of the money fee previously exacted from them. He was the friend and patron of church music, and aided in the improvement of the Gregorian chant. His letters are in Migne, Patrologia Latina, xcvi. Leo III., Pope 705-816. His pontificate is chiefly remarkable as the epoch of the estab- lishment of the new Empire of the West. He was a native of Rome. During the greater part of the eighth century the popes, through the practical withdrawal of the Byzantine emperors, had exer- cised a temporal supremacy in Rome, which was fully recognized by the gift of Pepin, the pon- tiffs being placed under the protectorate of the Frankish sovereigns, who received the title of patrician. The pontificate of Leo, however, was a troubled one, and in 799 he was treated with much violence and obliged to flee to iSpoleto, whence he afterwards repaired to Padcrborn, in order to hold a conference with Charlemagne. On his return to Rome he was received with much honor by the Romans, and the chiefs of the conspiracy against him were sentenced to banishment. In the following year (800) Charlemagne, having come to Rome, was solemnly crowned and saluted Roman Emperor by the Pope, and the temporal sovereignty of the Popeover the Roman city and State, though under the suzerainty of the Emperor, was fomially es- tablished. In 804 Leo visited Charlemagne at his court at Aix-Ia-Chapelle. With Charle- magne's successor. Louis le Debonnaire, Leo was embroiled in a dispute about the right of .sover- eign jurisdiction in Rome, which had not been brought to a conclusion when Leo died in Rome, May 25. 810. Consult his letters in !Migne, Pa- trologia Latina, cii. Leo r'.. Saint. Pope 847-855. He was a native of Rome. He built a new Roman suburb, occupy- ing four years in the task, and it was named in his honor Ciiitas Lconina. He also restored Por- ta, a town near the mouth of the Tiber, where he colonized several thousand Corsicans who had been driven from their own country by an inroad of Saracens. He also founded a new town which was called Leopolis. since destroyed. Consult his works in Migne, Patrologia Latina, exv. Leo v.. Pope 903. Leo VI.. Pope 928-929. Leo VII.. Pope 930-939. All these three held oiTice in the darkest times of the Papacy, when it was under the domination of turbulent and ambitious secular lords and women. Leo VII. is said to have been a man of great personal holiness and austerity, and to have done much to restore monastic discipline. His letters are in Migne, Patrologia Latina, cxxxii. — Leo VIII. , Pope 903- 905. These dates, howe%-er, must be taken with the qualification that his title to the Papacy was not good until after the abdication in June", 904, of Benedict V'., the legitimate successor of .John XII., in whose place Leo was put by the Emperor Otho I. — Leo IX., Saint, Pope 1048-54. Bruno, son of Count Hugh of Egishcim, a cousin of the Emperor Conrad II. He was born in 1002 at Egisheim in Alsace, and became a canon and then Bishop of Toul. He was instrumental in the negotiation of four treaties between the emperors and the kings of France, and was elected Pope by the influence of Henry III. He was a man of great erudition, and did much to correct abuses. His steadfast assertion of the prerogatives of his office was a preparation for the conflict waged by Henry VII. against the Empire. He supported the Greek Emperor in Southern Italy against the Normans, by whom he was captured and detained, though with every mark of respect, for nine months. Restored to Rome on becoming dangerously ill, he died in 1054, recognized al- ready', by popular consent, as a saint. His day is April 19th. Consult Hunkler, Leo der Xeunte und seine Zeit (Mainz, 1851). Leo X., Pope 1513-21. Giovanni de' Medici, the son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. He was bom in Florence in 1475, and destined in childhood for an ecclesiastical career. His education was in- trusted to the ablest scholars of the age; and through the influence of his father with Pope Innocent VIII. , he was created a cardinal at the age of thirteen years, in 1488. In the expulsion of the Medici from Florence, in 1494, the young car- dinal was included, and he used the occasion as an opportunity of foreign travel. He was employed as legate by Julius II. ; and during the war with the French he was taken prisoner in the battle of Ravenna, but soon afterwards effected his escape. On the death of .Julius II., in 1513, he was chosen Pope at the early age of thirty-seven, and took the name of Leo X. His first appointment of the two great scholars Bembo and Sadoleto as his secretaries was a pledge of the favor toward learning which was the characteristic of his pontificate: but he did not neglect the more material interests of the Church and the Roman See. He brought to a successful conclusion the Fifth Council of the Lateran, and averted the schism which was threatened by the rival Council of Pisa. At the beginning of liis reign his forces aided in driving the French from Italy, although in 1515 the new King, Francis I., restored tlie fortunes of France. In 1516 Leo concluded a con- cordat with Francis, which continued to regulate the French Church till the Revolution. In the po- litical relations of the Roman See he consolidated, and in some degiee extended, the reconquests of his warlike predecessor, Julius II.. although he used his position and his influence for the ag- grandizement of his family. His desertion of the alliance of Francis I. for that of his young rival, Charles V., although the subject of much crit- icism, was dictated by a sound consideration of the interests of Italy." But it is most of all as a patron of learning and art that the reputation of I^o has lived with posterity. Himself a scholar, he loved learning for its own sake: and his Court was the meeting-point of all the scholars of Italy and the world. He founded a