Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/136

* LE MOINE. 120 LEMON-GRASS. LE MOINE, Sir .Ia.mes MacPiiersox (1825 — ). A Caiuuliau aullior ami naturalist, horn in tjuebcc. He was educated at Le Petit Seminaire de Quebec, and was admitted to the bar in 1850. In 1847 he entered public service as Collector of Inland Kevenue at Quebec, and in 1800 he became inspector. His writings on early Canadian history have gained him a reputation for carefulness of research and for impartiality. He devoted much time to the study of natural history, particularly ornithology, and his con- tributions in this field also have acquired more than ordinary reputation. He was knighted in 1897. His many publications include: L'orni- tholoijic du Canada (1800) : Legendary Lore of the Lower Saint Lawrence ( 1862) ; Les p^cheries du Canada (1863); Maple Leaves (1863-94); The Tunrist's Sote hook (1870); Quebec, Past and Present (1876): The Scot in Sew France ( 1879) ; Chronicles of the Saint Laurence ( 1879) ; Picturesfjue Quebec (1882); ilonoyraphies et esquisses (1885); Canadian Heroines (1887); Birds of Quebec ( 1891 ) : and Conferences et mi- moires: llialiiire, archcoloijie (1882-90). LEMOINNE, le-mwan', .Toiix Emile (1815- 92). A French editor and publicist, bom in London, October 17, 1815. He was educated first in England, then in France, and emi)loyed in the Ministry of Foreign Aflairs. In 1840 he became editor of the Journal ilcs Vebatx, and held the post for more than half a century, writing especially on foreign politics and English insti- tutions. He displayed great satiric powers. He became an Academician in 1875 and life mem- ber of the Senate in 1880. His numerous pub- lications Avere of ephemeral interest. He died in Paris December 14, 1892. LEMON (older forms also lemmon, Union, lemond, from Fi". Union, ML. limo, from Ar. limiln, from Pcrs. limiin, I'lmCi, lemon). Citrus iledica, var. Union. The common lemon-tree or its fiuit. The tree is of irregular growth, inclined to make long leaders, clothed sparsely with foliage, and of an average height of 10 to 20 feet. The flowers are purplish on the outside, and their fragrance is less marked and agreeable than that of the orange. The fruit is botanically a berry, ellipsoidal in form, and usually knobbed at the apex or distal end: it is of a light yellow color, and its rind is well charged with oil-glands carrying an abundant store of oil. Lemon oil, or extract, is ex- tensively derived from this source, either by expression or distillation, the former process being the common one. The pulp of the lemon is light-colored and well charged with a juice of agreeable flavor, which is mainly due to the citric acid. It is much used by calico-printers to discharge colors, to produce greater clearness in the white part of patterns dyed with dyes con- taining iron. Citric acid and lemon-juice are also made from it in commenial quantities. The lemon is found wild in India, from whence it was early transported by the Arabs. It reached Europe probably not earlier than the Crusades. It is now extensively cultivated in Italy and the adjacent islands, in Spain and Portugal, in the United States it is planted in Florida and California, but as it is less hardy than the orange, it is confined to a more restricted area. Since the severe freeze of 1894-95 lemon culture in Florida has lieen almost entirely transferred to the southern frost-free counties of the State. The soil here is less suited to the plant, and greater skill in mulching and fertilizing is necessary. Orchards are usually planted with trees grown from the bud on the sour orange as a stock, although Citrus triloliata can be used. The lemon grows from cuttings, as do the lime and the citron. The orchard treatment of the lemon is the same as for the orange (q.v.). The lemon is very diflerent from the orange in its habit of growth, being more inclined to assume the character of the pear, producing long branches with the fruit at or near the extremity. Close attention to heading-in is, therefore, a necessity in order to insure the fruit against injury and loss by the wind, as well as for ease in gathering the product. Since the lemon naturally ripens in winter, since fruits allowed to mature on the trees do not keep well, and since the great demand for lemons is during the sununer months, in order to insure a supply at the desired season the fruit is gathered when it has attained a stand- ard size, though. still in a partially developed state. It is kept in dark, cool rooms, where extremes of temperature and draughts can be [iievented. When conditions are right the im- mature fruit ripens slowly. loses moisture, and the rind bocomcs then tough and pliable. Such fruits keep and ship well. When removed from the curing-room they are assorted, graded, wrapped in tissue paper, and packed in boxes like those used for oranges. The profit from lemon culture is large. Lemon-growing in America extended so rapidly during the last quarter of the nineteenth century that the home demand is well supplied. California alone aver- ages an annual crop of about 1200 carloads. See Plate of Citrus Fruits. LEMON, Mark (1809-70). An English jour- nalist and author, the founder and editor of Punch. He was born in London, Xovemher 30, 1809. His only schooling was at Cheam, in Surrey. Wlien hardly more than a boy he began contributing tales and verse to the magazines. In 1835 the first of his many popular farces was performed at the Strand Theatre. In the course of his long career he was connected with Household Words. Once a Week, the Illustrated London Xeii-s, and the London Journal. He wrote fairy tales, Christmas stories, and longer novels, as Faulkner Lyle (1800) and Lei/ton Hall (1867). He was also a successful lecturer and amateur actor. In conjunction with Henry Mayhew (q.v.) he founded Punch, the first num- ber of which appeared .luly 17, 1841. From 1843 till his death he was sole manager. He gathered about him the best humorists of his time, among whom were Douglas Jerrold and Thackeray. Lnder his management Punch be- came an organ of immense social influence. He died at Crawley, in Sussex, ilay 23. 1870. His well-known Jest Book was reprinted for the Golden Treasury series (1892). Consult Ilatton, With a Show in the North: S^miniscences of Lemon (London. 1871). LEMON-GRASS (so called from the lemon- like fragrance), Androporion schrrnanthus. A beautiful perennial grass, three or four feet high, with a panicle mostly leaning to one side, and spikelets in pairs, or. if terminal, in threes. It is a native of India, Arabia, etc., and is ex- tremely abundant in many places. It is too I