Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/134

* LEMBEBG. 118 LEMMING. seum is important lu tlii: .-.indent of ancient Galieia. In tliu Skarlu'k Theatre Polish-Italian operas are sung ami Tcjlish dramas performed. l^emberj; is the seat of the chief economic or- ganizali<ins of the crownland, and of archbishops of the Komun Calliolic, United Greek, and United Armenian eluirehes. it has large banks and com- mercial inslitutions. The transportation facili- ties inehide an electric railway. KcuiIh ig manu- factures farm machinery, boilers, various other iron products, musical instruments, brick, spirits, flour, etc. The trade, very extensive during the Jliddle Ages, was almost entirely destroyed by the fall of Poland. Within re- cent years " the transit trade has somewhat recovered. The chief articles of commerce are agricultural ])roduets and some iron manufac- tures. The important fair of -the three Ivings' is held everv .January. Population, in ISnO, 127,- 04:!; in liKIO. l.')!l.ti"lS. The larger jiart of the inhabitants are Poles and PiOman Catholics, but there is also a considerable numl)er of .Jews, Germans, and Kuthenians. The foundation of Lemberg is usually attributed to the Rulhenian Prince Daniel, who liuilt it for his son Leo, in whose honor it was named. Captured by Casimir the Great in 1340, it received Magdeburg rights, and greatly increased in importance under the Polish rule. It received many (ierman colonists, and for two centuries the German language was used in its public records. It passed to Austria at the first partition of Poland in 1772. LEMBEBG, University of. The third in size of the .ustrian universities. As the centre of the Polish learning in Austria, it is a great factor in the Polish national movement, and its lectures, formerly given in German, are now all or nearly all in Polish. It was founded in 1784 by Emperor .Toseph II.. reorganized in 1817, and began to flourish especially after IS.'iO. It has faculties of theology-, law. and philosophy, besides instructors in medicine. Its library, founded in 1784. e<intains IflO.OOO volumes. Its budget for lilOO was 1.027,G44 crowns, and the numbi'r of students -iOtiO. LEMEB, Ic-ninr', Je. Baptiste Raymond .IiLiEN (1815-113). A French author and pub- lisher. He was born at Rochefort. and studied in Paris. He was a notary's clerk and then worked in a department of the Jlinistry of the
 * Marine (1841-44). In 1848 he began to write

for La Srmaiiie, La Liberie, and Lr fourrier Fraiieais. and soon after founded f,a f!;/Iphide (18.5.3). and La Lcrliirc (1848). Under pseu- donyms and his own name he published the erotic collections. I'octcs dr I'amour (1850) and Let- ires (Vamnur (1852); Le crime dii JS mars (1871); I,e moiilin de mullicur (1885); and Bahac. xn rir, son icuvre (1891). LEMEBCIEB. If-mflr'syil', .Jean Loi-ir 'Nt- PO.Mrri':NK (17711840). A French dramatist and poet, born in Paris. Among the more noted of his dramas are Tartufe revohitidiinairc (1795), Afiameintion (1794). Ophis (1798). Clutrle- magnc, Baudoin. Saint Louis, names that suggest classic and historic i^ibjects. He was. however, a reformer a little befT)re the due time, preferring Shakespeare to Kacine. and making experiments in stage naturalism, among them an imitation of the storm scene in The Tempest. He is interest- ing solely as a forerunner of the romantic drama. His poems [Panhypocrisiade. 1819; Les dges fran- cats, and others) are of slight worth. Consult Vauthier, Easai sur Lemercier (I'aris, 1880). LEMMA (Gk. X^jumo, Ifmma, a thing re- ceived, taken for granted, from NoMfidMiK, luni- banein, 8kt. tabli, rabli, to take). In mathemat- ics, a pro])osition introduced for the purpose of jiroving another pr(j])o>ition, but not otherwise connected with the general sequence. For exam- ple, in treating propositions on coUinearity in geometry, in or(ler to prove Pascal's 'mystic hexagram' theorem, "The opposite sides of a hexa- gon inscribed in conic intersect in three eoUinear points,'' it is convenient to approach the proposi- tion through a theiuem due to Carnot: "If a cir- cumference inter.seets the sides a, b, c of a tri- angle AHC, in A, and A., B^ and B^, C, and Cj, respectively, then AC. BA, CB, AC, BA, CB, _ „ C,B' A,C'1{,A'C:B'A,C'15.A ~ ' This latter theorem might, in this treatment of coUinearity, be called a lemma. The word is not, however, nuuh used at present, lemmas not l)eing distinguished by name from other proposi- tions in a sequence. LEMMING (Xorw., Swed., 'Dan. lemming, perhaps from Xorw. lemja, to maim, but more probably from Lapp loumek, lummik. lemming). (I) A vole or short-tailed rat {Mt/odes lemmiix) of the subfamily Arviculina inhabiting the cen- tral mountain "chain of Norway and Sweden. Lemmings are about five inches long, and yellow- ish-brown, marked with darker spots: and their food consists largely of birch shoots, mosses, grass roots and stalks, etc. In winter they form long galleries under the snow, in their wanderings in search of food. They make a nest in some shel- tered place out of dry grass and hair, and there the young are born, two broods aimually, with about five at a birth. The circumstance which has made the lemming famous is its so-called 'migration.' the cause of which has never been satisfactorily explained. At intervals ranging from five to twenty or more years, lemmings suddenly appear in enormous numbers in cultivated districts of Norway and Sweden, where ordinarily they do not occur, traveling seaward jind liot deterred by any ob- stacle. They swim the streams and lakes which mav lie in their path and keep persistently on- ward, until finally the survivors reach the sea, into which they iilunge and so ultimately perish. During this migration all sorts of predatory animals follow in their wake, feasting on the unusual abundance of food, while men also slaughter them, as the damage they inflict on cultivated fields is serious. (See Plate of Gophers.) (2) Besides the Norwegian lem- ming, several related animals are given the same nanie. One of these (Mi/rxles Obeiisis) inhabits the Arctic regions of both hemispheres and is very abundant in Northwestern America. It is bright rvisty-brown in color and is not known to make migrations. Another species {Myodes sehisticolor) inhabits Siberia and is plain slate- gray. A closely related animal, the banded lem- ming or hare-tailed rat or mouse, is Ciinieiiliis torqiintii.i : it is found in the Hudson Bay country and Greenland, and is remarkable for turning white in winter. The 'false' lemming represents a third nearly related genns, the single species of which, Kynaptom ys Cooperi. occurs from Indiana and Kansas northwestward to Alaska. Other