Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/104

* LEGEBDEMAIN. 92 LEGH0SI3. with the cactus aliinisl iileiitical with the mango trick of India: and nearly all uf the simpler jier- formanees are known to widely sejiarated peo- ples. The wonder -w<irkers of Kgypt and Mesopo- tamia were anciently famous, and many of the miracles reconled indicate that the Koman priests utilized ])rinei|)les of hydrostatics and optics for tlie ]ir<)ductiou of illusions. .Jui;glers were known amoiif; the Anglo-Saxons, but appear to have attained no great ])rolieieney. Indceil. it was only with Koliert lloudin (ISOo-Tll that legerdemain hecamc a matter of science, lloudin built many clever contrivances and wrote several books on the subject, never claiming to be a wonder-worker in miraculous sense, but only a clever manipulator. Since his day others — nota- bly the Herrmanns — have advanced the art to a degree far in ailvance of any jireviously attained. On the other hand, many impostors have utilized legerdemain to |)njdnce ■materializations' of spirits, clairvoyant rea<lings, slate-writings, and the like. Hypnotism has also been widely used by professional exhibitors — often fraudulently; and very many tricks which are merely exhi- bitions of known natural principles or feats of apparent strength, as the supporting of weights on the pelvic arch, have been passed as tliauma- turgic ])henomena. Consult : I'liusin, Xouvelle magie blanche di- voilce (I'aris, l.S.j.'}-54) : SorceUerie ancienne et moderne cxpUi/iHv (18.58): Robert Hoiidin, Se- crets de la prcstidiyitntion et de la magic ( Paris, 1868); Brewster. Xatural ilaqic (London. 1851); Hopkins, Magic (New York, 18!I8). LEGEE.-LINES (OF. legier, leger; Ft. leger, It. Icggirri). light, from Lat. Icvis, light). In music, the name of the short lines above or below the staff, which are used to express those notes which lie beyond the five lines of the stafif. The spaces between these auxiliary lines are called leger-spaees. liEGGE, J.MES (1815-97). A Scottish mis- sionary and Sinologist: born at Huntley. Aber- deenshire. He was educated at the Aberdeen Grammar School and Aberdeen University, where he graduated in 18:io. and proceeded to London, entering lHghbiry Theological School. Having been ordained, he was sent in 1839 by the Lon- don Missionary Society to the Kast as'a mission- ary to the Chinese. Until 1842 he was stationed at Malacca, but when Hong Kong became a Brit- ish colony in that year he iiioved thither. From the first he was an eanicst and industrious stu- dent of t'hinese, giving his attention chiefly to the Chinese classics. His missionary labors, however, were not neglected, and during his years of servi<-e in that colony he baptized no fewer than UOO converts, besides acting as the pastor of the Union Church. In 1870 he became pro- fessor of Chinese language and literature at Ox- ford University, a chair which had been founded especially for liini. His greatest and most lasting work was his translation of the Chinese classics. Between 1801 and 187.3 he issued at Hong Kong eight volumes, containing the Chinese text, translation, and most elaborate and learned Prolegomena, The Four Boohs, containing ''The Analects of Con- fucius," "The Great Learning," "The Doctrine of the Mean," and Ucmci'i/.s ; the Shu King or "Book of History:" the Shih King or "Book of Poetry:" and the Ch'un Ch'un. or "Spring and Autumn" (the only work ever written by" Con- fucius), with T.so-cliuan's t'oinnn- alary. The re- nuiining books of the series — the Yih King, or "Book of Changes ;" the l^i Ki, or "Book of Kites;" the Iliao King, or "Book of Filial Piety" — were afterwards published at Oxford, without the Chinese text, and are found in the "Sacred Books of the East" series, edited by Max Miiller. He also prepared and issued for the use of gen- eral readers the Four Hooks without the Chinese text, and the critical notes. In 188(i he also prepared and issued tlie text and translation of A llccord of Buddhistic Kingdoms by the Chi- nese pilgrim P'a-Lien (a.u. 399-414), with an in- troduction and critical notes; and in 1891 in the "Sacred Books of the East" series. The Texts of Taoism (the Tao-teh-king, Chwang-tse, and the Kan-ying Pien) in two volumes. He also pub- lished a volume on The Religions of China (ISSl). He wrote Xolions of the Chinese Con- cerning (!od and- Spirits, and Confucianism in Kelation to Chrislianilg (1877). LEG'GETT, Mortimer Dormer (1831-96). An American soldier, born in Ithaca, N. Y. He early removed to Ohio, and there studied at first medicine and afterwards law. which last he practiced with success. From 18;>5 to 1858 he was professor of pleading and practice in the Ohio College of Law, ;ind in 18.58 became superinten- dent of schools at Zanosville. At the outbreak of the Civil "ar he helped raise the 78th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, of which, in .lanuary, 1862, he was commissioned colonel, and which he com- manded at Fort Donclson, Shiloli. and Corinth. In November, lS(i2, he was a])pointed brigadier- general of volunteers, and participated in the Vick.sburg campaign, during which he was wounded. Later he commanded the Third Di- vision of the Seventh Army Cor])s on Sherman's march to the sea. He was breettcd major-gen- eral of volunteers in July, 1804. and was com- missioned major-general a year later. He was appointeil United States Commissioner of Patents in 1S71, and held that position until 1881. when lie resigned to resume his private practice. liEGGETT, ViLLi.4.M (1802-39). An Ameri- can author, born in New York City. He was educated at Georgetown College, D. C. entered the navy in 1822 as midshipman, and served un- til 1826. During this time he had written a volume of poems, entitled Leisure Hours at Sea, and after resigning from the navy he com- menced his literary work as editor of the Critic, a weekly journal, which was afterwards united with the New York .l/«n-o»-. Several of his articles which appeared in the Mirror and other magazines he subsequently published in a volume with the title of Tales' hg a Country School- master, which was followed by Sketches at Sea. In 1829 he became one of the editors of the Evening Post, and in connection with this work attracted attention by vigorously denouncing those who mobbed the abolitionists in 1835. and by earnestly defending the right of free discus- sion. Betiring from the T'ost in 1836. he estab- lished the Phiindealcr. He was appointed by President Van Euren diplomatic agent to Guate- mala, but died suddenly at New Rochelle while preparing for his departure. He had many de- voted friends, among whom was William 0. Brvant, who wrote a highly eulogistic poetical tribute to his memory. LEG'HOEN (It. Lirorno, ML. Lihurmim, Lat. Partus Hcrculis Lihurni, Partus Lahronis). A