Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/101

* I^EGABE. 89 LEGEND. ture, and then began to practice law in Charles- ton. He was elected to the Legislature once more (1824-30), and was afterwards made At- torney-Genera! of the State, being at the same time editor of the Southern Review, which he helped found ( 1828-32 ), and to which he con- tributed learned articles. During the Xullifiea- ticu crisis he opposed extreme measures, al- though he was always in favor of States rights. From 1832 to 1838 he served as charge d'affaires at Brussels. On his return he was elected to Con- gress, where he served one term, winning reputa- tion as a debater on the pro-slavery side. Op- position to the sub-treasury scheme caused his defeat and drew him over to the Wliigs. In 1841 he became Attorney-General under Tyler, and served until his sudden death, having also conducted the State Department after the re- tirement of Webster. He was a man of profound learning, especially in the civil law, and his essays on literary and general topics were equal to anything of the kind produced at the time in .merica. His writings were edited by his sister in two volumes (1846). LEGATE (Lat. legatiis, ambassador, deputy, lieutenant, governor, from legare, to send on a commission, bequeath). A title most commonly applied to the diplomatic and other represen- tatives of the Pope outside of Rome. Legates are of three kinds: (1) Legati a latere (from the side) ; (2) commissioners or nuncios, legati niissi, nuiitii upostolici, with a minor class of iiiternuntii; (3) legates by virtue of their office, legati nati. The dignity of a legate a latere has been confined to cardinals since the decree of In- nocent IV. (1243-54) on the subject. Legates a latere are either ordinary or extraordinary; the first commonly governed provinces within the Papal States ; the second are commissioned to visit foreign courts for special purposes, such as a negotiation for a peace or arrangements for a general council. The legati missi or nuncios correspond to the ambassadors or ministers maintained by secular States at foreign capitals. The dignity and jurisdiction of a legatus nalus is permanently attached to a metropolitan see by Papal concession : the Archbishop of Canterbury held this position up to the Reformation, and Cardinal Richelieu attempted to secure it for himself. Legates formerly exercised an imme- diate jurisdiction as representing the Holy See; hence frequent conflicts with local episcopal au- thority arose. To quiet these conflicts, the Coun- cil of Trent (Sess. xxiv. cap. 20) decreed that legates were not to presume on the strength of any faculties whatsoever to impede the bishops in matrimonial causes or in those of criminous clerks, nor to take proceedings unless recourse had been had to the bishop and he had neglected to act. An authority somewhat similar to the ancient legatine jurisdiction was granted by Pope Leo XIII. to a permanent apostolic delegate for the L'nited States and to one for Canada ; and similar officials have been sent also to the Philippines and to Cuba to adjudicate the ques- tions growing out of the Spanish-American War of 1898. LEGATION. A diplomatic minister or envoy nnd his suite, or persons associated with him in his official capacity. The term is also employed to designate his official residence and inclosure. The word 'legation' is also sometimes employed to denote the territorial jurisdiction or district of a diplomatic officer. See Diplomacy; Misisteb; IXVIOLABILITT. LEGATO, la-ga'to (It, tied). In music, a direction that the notes are to be played as if bound or tied together, or in such a manner that the one note flows into the following one. Lega- to may refer to the character of the whole move- ment or merely to a certain phrase. LEGAZPE, Ifl-gath'pa, or LEGASPI, la-gas'- pe, iliGUEL Lopez (c. 1.510-72). A Spanish sol- dier and conqueror of the Philippine Islands. He was born at Zumarraga (Guiptizcoa), and went to Mexico. Having distinguished himself as chief secretary of the city and Government of Mexico, he was put in charge of the expedition sent out by the Viceroy, ^'elasco. in 1564, to conquer the Philippines. With a convoy of four sliips Legazpe arrived there in 15G5, and sent out parties to explore and occupy tlie country. The first settlement was made at San Miguel on the island of Zebu (May, 1565), and after com- pleting the conquest of Luzon he founded the city of JIanila (ilay. 1571). The islands were annexed with little bloodshed, thanks, in a great measure, to the humane nature of Legazpe him- self. They received from him the name of Islas Filipinas, in honor of Philip II. LEGEND (OF. legende, Fr. Ugende, from ML. legenda, story, from Lat. legenda, nom. pi. neu. of legendus, to be read, gerundive of legere, to read ). In the technical language of folk- lore, a narrative relating to a sacred person or locality, and connected with religious belief or worship. Legends were primarily lives of Chris- tian saints, because these were included in the selections (legenda) to be read in public wor- ship. (See Lesson.) In the early Church, on the anniversary of a martyr, it appears to have been usual to read the story of his passion. Later, readings from lives of the saints formed a part of monastic worship (office of noctums). Different churches, according to local ideas and stories, enlarged the lives of their respective saints, so that in time it became necessary to gather and coordinate the material. As a result of this process, toward the end of the thirteenth century, .Jacobus de Voragine (.James of Vara- gium) composed the famous Legenda Auren, or (jolden Legend. The term legend there denoted the entire work, but subsequently it came to designate the story of any particular saint. The tendency of such narratives was toward a pres- entation continually more fanciful. Legends, at first brief and simple, became long and imagi- native. Consequently, they came to be regarded with suspicion, so that the word was finally taken to signify any narrative professing to be historical, but in reality of a traditional and imaginative character. In regard to origins, the general principle is that a story primarily historical (though from the first often also semi-fabulous) becomes, in course of time, more and more imaginative through absorption of material from current literature or folk-lore, in such a manner that the actual occurrence is resolved into the popular ideal. This process has by no means ceased : as examples may be cited the accounts of inodern Russian .Jewish rabbis, to whom are popularly a.scribed wonderful qualities bestowed after the pattern of Talmudie authors. Thus the person- ality of the founder of the fanatical sect of the