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* JACOB. 83 JACOBI. as colonel of the Ninth Kentucky Cavalry Regi- ment, raised by himself. He was with Major- General Buell for a time, and afterwards joined in the pursuit of General John Morgan. He ac- companied General Shackelford on the Tennessee expedition that resulted in the capture of 2500 men under General Fraser at Cumberland Gap, and was in the desperate struggle at Bean's Sta- tion. JAC OB.a:'A, JACOBE, ya-ko'be, or JA- COBINE, zha'ko'ljen' (1558-97). A duchess of .Jiilich, daughter of the ilargrave Philibert of Baden-Baden. Brought up a Catholic by her uncle. Albert of Bavaria, she married in 1585 .John William, who, seven years later, succeeded his father as Duke of Jiilich, and soon after be- came insane. .lacobiea was accused of dissolute conduct, and brought to trial before the Emperor by her enemies : but before he gave sentence she was found murdered in her bed. A German play by Kuglcr, Jnkohda ( 1.S50), dramatizes the story. Consult Stieve. Zur Oeschichte der Berzogin Ja- kohiin. con Julich (Bonn, 1878). JACOB EV'ERTZEN. . quaint book-name applied to the small, brightly colored grouper- like West Indian fishes of the genus Bodianus, otherwise known as 'guativeres,' and by other names. According to Bloch, the fish was named for .Jacob Evertzen. a noted Dutch pilot in the middle of the eighteenth centurv", whose pock- marked face suggested to his fellow sailors the dark-spotted and freckled fishes (especially the Bodianus qiitlaius, the type of the genus). See GUATIVERE. JACOB FAITHFUL. A novel by Captain Frederick Marryat ( 18.39), appearing first in the Metropolitan ilaf/azinc It tells the adventures of .Jacob, a waterman, born on a Thames lighter, is lively and amusing, and one of Marryat's best stories. JACO'BI, Ger. pron. ya-kolie, Abrah.4M ( 1830 — ). An eminent German-American physician, born at Hartum, Westphalia, Germany. He stud- ied at the universities of Greifswald. Giittingen, and Bonn, obtaining his degree in medicine from the last-named institution. Having been an active participant in the struggle for free Ger- many in 1848 and thereafter. Jacobi was prose- cuted for treason and was kept in Prussian pris- ons from 1851 to 185.3. In the latter year, after spending a few months in Manchester, England, he came to America, and established himself in New York City. In 1857 he took an active part in founding the German dispensary. In 1860 he was chosen to fill the first chair of diseases of children instituted in this country, that of the Xew York Medical College. In 1865 he was elected to fill a similar chair in the medical de- partment of the University of the City of New York. In 1868 he took part in founding the German Hospital of New Y'ork. His position at New Y'ork University he occupied till 1870, when he was chosen clinical professor of the diseases of children in the College of Physicians and Sur- geons. New York City (medical department of Columbia University). Tlie latter position he re- tained until his resignation in 1902, when he was made professor emeritus. He was the first to establish, in New Y'ork City, systematic and spe- cial clinics for the diseases of children, and very largely to him is due the recognition of pediatries as a distinct branch of medicine. In 1895 he was urged to leave New Y'ork and become pro- fessor of pediatrics in the University of Berlin, but he declined the honor. He was for many years consulting physician to the New Y'ork City Department of Health, to the J. Hood Wright Memorial Hospital, and to the New Y'ork Skin and Cancer Hospital, and visiting physician to the Nursery and Child's Hospital. He served as physician to the Mount Sinai Hospital from 1860, to the Hebrew Orphap Asylum from 1868, to Bellevue Hospital from 1873, and to Roose- velt Hospital from 1898. Dr. Jacobi's writings are very numerous. A great number of his papers, principally on dis- eases of women and children, were published in medical and other periodicals in this country and in Germany. Among his book-form publications are: Cogita- tioncs de ]'ita Ueritni Xaturaliuni (1851) ; Denti- tion and Its Derangements (1862) ; Infant Diet (1873; 3d ed. 1875) ; A Treatise on Diphtheria (1880) : The Intestinal Diseases of Infancy and Childhood ( 1887 ) ; Therapeutics of Infancy and Childhood (1895; 2d ed. 1897). His contribu- tions to Nocggerath and Jacobi's Midwifery and the Diseases of Women and Children (1859), and his "Hygiene und Pflege der Kinder," in Ger- hardfs Handbveh der Kinderkrankheiten (1877), are most noteworthy. In 1893 he published two volumes of miscellaneous essays and addresses on a variety of subjects, mostly medical, under the title Anfsdtze, Vorlrdge utid Reden (1893). In 1873 he was married to Miss Mary C. Putnam, of New York, herself a noted physician, author, and teacher. See Jacobi, Maby Putnam. JACOBI, Friedbich Heinricii (1743-1819). A Gennan philosopher. He was born at Diissel- dorf, .January 25, 1743, and -was educated at Frankfort and Geneva with a view to preparing himself for a mercantile career, which he began in 1762. In 1772 he was appointed councilor of finance for the duchies of Berg and .Jiilich, and having married a woman of wealth was enabled to devote himself to lit- erary pursuits. In 1794 he moved to Holstein, and in 1804 to Munich, where he had been appointed a member of the newly instituted .cademv of Sciences, of which he became presi- dent in 1807. He died on March 10, 1819. His writings consist partly of romances and partly of philosophical treatises. The principal are Woldemar (2 vols.. 1779) and Eduard AUuills Briefsammhing (1781). both philosophical ro- mances which attracted much attention in their day. but have now no claim to special recognition, while his philosophical work lias still consider- able interest. Ueber die Lehre des Spinoza in Brief en an Mendelssohn (Breslau, 1785) is a polemic against logical methods of speculation in the search after the higher class of truths: and David Hume ilber den Glauben, oder Ideal- isinus und Realisnius (Breslau. 1787) continues the polemic and makes an attempt to demon- strate that the mind or nature of man possesses another faculty — viz. faith. or intuition — by which the higher truths are as firmly grasped and in the same way as the material world is grasped by it. since sense is incompetent to witness to the independent reality of that world. His col- lected works ap[)eared at Leipzig (0 vols., 1812- 24). Consult: Kuhn, Jacobi und die Philosophie seiner Zeit (Mainz. 1834) : Fricker, Die Phi- losophie des Friedrich Heinrich Jaeobi (Augs-