Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/98

* JACOB. 82 JACOB. elan is depicted as though the confederates all Bprang from him, wiicreas, as a matter of fact, the Hebrew tonfcderacy represents the combination of heterogeneous elements liaving less in com- mon than many of the groujjs liave with others who did not join the confederation or were never incorporated into it. The adjustment of tribal traditions to the later religious and liistoncal theory did not proceed without encountering hindrances. To secure the number twelve and make it work riglit on all occasions was espe- cially dillicult, and the narrators are not at all consistent in their method of obtaining this num- ber. It is this attempU-d adjustment of popular Btories, legends, and myths to later theory that accounts for the ideniification of .hicoii with Israel, the ei)onynious ancestor of the licnc Israel: and in this process of elaboration and transformation of old stories it is also important to note the alternating traces of northern and southern Hebrew writers. It was the northern kingdom, formed of ten tribes, that represented the real Israel; and the identification of Jacob with Israel and the favoritism shown by .Tacob to Joseph (the father of Ephraim and Manas- seh) represent the work of northern writers, who thus turn out to have had the larger share in the process of reshaping traditions. Rightly inter- preted, the story of Jacob thus Ijecomes the key to the history of Jewish tradition. In its details it not only conceals a large amount of valuable material for the earlier traditions of many of the clans forming the Hebrew confederation, but also enables us to trace the gradual progress of the transformation of the material and its adap- tation to the purpose of writers imbued with strong likes and dislikes, who viewed the past from a very subjective i)oint of view. To this point of view there must be added, in the case of the compiler of the Yahwistic and Elohistic histories, and to a still greater degree in the ease of the priestly narrator, a religious theory which is the outcome of an uncompromising confidence in Yahweh as the established guide of His peo- ple and the zealous and exclusive devotion to His service. This theory is, in brief, that Yah- weh establislied His covenant with the patri- archs, and that the history of the people back to its beginnings is an illustration and proof of this covenant. In some respects Jacob is a more important prop to this theory than even Abra- ham; certainly more important than Isaac. In- deed, it would seem that the story of Jacob thus worked out represents bv itself a complete illus- tration of the theory, and that Abraham and Isaac are tacked on to it as appendices or links bv means of which the theory can be joined to ainother originally independent series of tradi- tions, again reshaped, elaborated, and made to take a definite din-ction. BiBLiofiR.^PTiY. For full discussion of the in- vestigations of the Jiicoh narratives, consult the commentaries on Genesis of Dillmann. Holzinger, and Gunkcl, and the Hebrew histories of Well- hausen. Stade. Guthe, Kittel, and Piepenbring; also Ptark, f^tudicn zur Relifiionx- i(nd Hprach- qeschwhte des altrn Testnmcmix (Berlin. l.SnO et seq.). For the later .Jewish legends about .Jacob, consvilt the article ".Jacob." in Jlam- burwer. Real Enri/klopaedie fiir liibel tind Tal- mud (Leipzig, 1807). Winckler. in his Gr.ichich- ie Isrnela (Leipzig. 180.5-1000). and Stiieken, Astralmytheii der Uebriier (Leipzig, 180G), pro- pose a mythological explanation of Jacob; but the theory as a whole has not been accepted, though it may be admitted that some mythical elements may have crept into the narrative. JACOB, Giles (lU8t)-1744). An English compiUr, born at Romsey, Hampshire. He studied law, and published a great number of technical works, such as The Aevuiiiijlistted Con- veyaiiecr (U vols., 1714) and the Cumpkat Chan- cery-l'nieliser (1730), besides his dissertations on rural life: The Compleat Court-keeper (1713); The Country Gentleman's Vade-Mccum (1717); Tlui Compleat t^porisnuin (1718); and The Jjind I'urchiixer's Companion (17'20); but his most important work was his Foctinil Reg- ister, or Lins and Charaeters of the Enylish Dranuilie I'oets (2 vols., 1710-20). JACOB, John (1812-58). An English soldier and military author. He was bom at V(i(jlaving- ton Somerset, and was educated at .ddiscombe College. He entered the Bombay Artillery in 1828, served in the Afghan War in 1h;?0. and in 1841 took command of the Sindh (or .lacob's) irregular horse, with which he enforced order in Upp'cr Sindh and Gutch, and un.ler Napier dis- tinguished himself at Miani and elsewhere. The injustice of William Napier's Comiuest of the iiind roused Jacob to his own defense and to Out- r.am's. In 18.52 he became commandant of the native jiolice of Upper Sindh, negotiated a treaty with the Khan of Khelat (1854) ; in 1857 served under Gut ram, and. after his departure, was in sole command of the army in Persia. He died in 1858. at Jaeobabad, which bad been named in his honor. Jacob was a splendid organizer of na- tive troops, an excellent cavalry officer, and the inventor of a rifle and an explosive bullet. He wrote many tracts on the defects of the liritish Army and" civil service in India; collected by Pelly. Views and- Opinions of General Jacob (2d'ed. 1858). JACOB, zhii'kAb', Louis LfioN (1708-1854). A French admiral. He was born at Tonnay, Cha- rente; was educated at Rochefort, and volun- teered from a clerkship in the marine bu- reau to the navy (1784). He was promoted to ensign in 1703; commanded the fo rra in her brave fight against a superior English force (1705), and was taken prisoner. After his re- lease he distinguished himself (1708) against Sir John Warren's fleet, and was .again captured but soon exchanged. He took part in the cam- paign in Santo Domingo in 180) ; was command- ant at Granville (1805), and at Naples (1806) ; and shared in the battle of Sables d'Olonne. He was made a rear-admiral in 1812, and in 1814 de- fended Rochefort. He was retired on the Resto- ration; reentered active service in 1820; was Governor of Guadeloupe from 1823 to 1820; served on the admiraltv board until 1834, when he became Minister of IMarine; and was aide-de- camp to Louis Philippe until 1848, He intro- duced in 1805 a system of semaphores which was long used in the French Navy, JA'COB, Richard T.^ylok (1825-1003), An American soldier, born in Oldham County. Ky. He was educated for a lawn'cr. but after travels in South Africa went West'in 184G. and there he enlisted a body of mounted men to a.ssist General Fremont in taking possession of California, He occupied himself with political matters in Ken- tuckv until 1802, and served in the Civil War