Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/94

* JACKSON. 78 JACKSON. lish, based on the sources, and supplemented by an edit ion of Zwiiigli Selections (1901). JACKSON, Sheldon (1834—). An Ameri- can I'resbvteriaii missionary and educator. He was born at Minaville, X. Y.; was ■jraduatcd from Union C'ollfjje in 18.5.), and from I'rinceloii Theological Seminary in 18,')H. Ho Entered the heme mission work, organized the first Presby- terian churches in Wyoming, Montana, Idaho. Utah, and Arizona, and was especially prominent in .laska. lie was iiiade (iovei-nment agent of education in Alaska in 1885: published the First Annual Report on Eduviition in Ahisha (188U) ; and conceived and carried out the plan of introducing reindei-r into .lasUa, working first with private and later with CDVcrnniciit support. In 18!>8 he was United States special agent to procure a Lapp colony in Alaska. Jack- son was a. successful speaker on missions, was moderator of the Presbyterian General Assembly in 1897, was author of Alaska and Missions on the ortk I'aei/ic Coast (1880). and in 189f. as- sisted in the foundation of a missionary college in Utah. JACKSON, Tiio.MAS JoN"ATn.N. generally known as t^toncwall -Jackson (1824-6.3). A fa- mous American soldier, born .January 21, 1824, of Scotch-Irish-English stock, at Clarksburg in western Virginia (now West Virginia). .t an early age he was left to the care of an uncle, a farn'icr and niillcr. under whom he was trained in business methods and received scmie opportunity for study. Wlien onlyeighteen he became sherifl'of the county, and soon after was admitted to West Point, where, in 1846. he graduated number eigh- teen in a class of seventy, which included Mc- Clellan, Reno, Gibbon, Pickett, :Mauiy, A. P. Hill, and Wilco.x. He was assigned as second lieutenant to the First Artillery, ordered to join MagniderV battery, then serving in Mexico, al- most immediately achieved prominence in the operations uiKh-r General Scott, and was brevet- ted captain and major for gallantry at (^ntreras. Churubusco, and Chapultepec. From 1848 to 1851 he was stationed at Fort Hamilton, and first became noted for that strong religious tendency W'hich afterwards caused him to be known as the Havelock of the Confederate .Army. On March 27, 18.51, he resigned from the army and becanie professor of natural and experimental philosophy and artillery tactics in the Lexington Military Institnte. In 1856 he visited Europe. On ,pril 21, 1861, soon after the outbreak of the Civil War, Jackson was ordered by direction of the Governor of ^'irginia to report with bis corps of cadets at Richmond for active service. He was commissioned a colonel, was placed in com- mand of the Virginia forces, and was sent to Harper's Ferry. In .Tuly of the same year his troops were organized into a brigade (after- wards the 'Stonewall Brigade'), and he was ap- pointed a brigadier-general. When the Confed- erates under .Tohnston moved from Harper's Ferry toward Manassas, .Jackson's brigade was in the van an<l among the first to get into posi- tion. In the first battle of Bull Run, the South Carolinians were sorely pressed, and their com- mander. General Bee. seeking to encourage them, is said to have cried out, "T^ook at .Jackson — there be stands like a stone wall." thus origi- nating the historic sobriquet. In September Jackson was promoted to be major-general, and was assigned to command the Confederate forces in the lower Shenandoah alley. The duty as- signed him is thus described by General John- ston: ".Vfter it became evident that the valley was to be invaded by an army too strong to be encountered by Jackson's division, that otlicer was instructed to endeavor to employ the in- vaders in the valley, but without exposing him- self to the danger of defeat, by keeping so near the enemy as to keep him from making any con- siderable detaclimcnt to reinforce McClellau, but not so near that he might be eoni[Kdled to fight." In pursujince of this ])lan, Jackson fell back up the valley before Banks, who occu- pied Winchester. Late in March. 1862, the Fed- eral forces were withdrawn to Manassas as an outpost of the defenses of Washington, and were clo.sely followed by Jackson. Lnderesliniating the strength of the Federal rear guard under General Shields, he made a sharp attack (.March 23d) upon that otheer's position at Kernstown, three miles south of Winchester, but after a severe struggle of tliree hours was repulsed, re- tiring in good Oilier, with the loss of several hundred men and one piece of artillery. While (his afl'air was a reverse to the Confederates, the boldness shown by .lackson confirmed the l''e(leral authorities in the determination to retain Mc- Dowell in front of the capital, in spite of Mc- Clellan's protest. Jackson finally retired to Staunton, from which point (having increased his available force to 10,(100 men) he confronted columns, attacked the Federal detachments in detail, and succeeded in out-mana-uvring them, particularly in the alTair at McDowell (May 8th). Banks, finding his eomniuiiieations threat- ened, fell back across the Potomac, closely fol- lowed by .Jackson. Soon afterwards .lackson re-occupied Winchester, .bout May 30tli, finding his communications with Richmond threatened by a fresh Federal force under ^IcDowell, he began a rapid and masterly retreat up the val- ley, halting at certain favorable points and engaging his pursuers successfully, particularly at Cross Keys and Port Republic (June 6th, 8th, and 9th). .Jackson's valley campaign was a conspicuous illustration of his characteristics as a leader, the extraord,inary mobility of his infantry earning for it the title of 'foot cavalry.' Early in April. 18(i2. the Confederate army, under Gen. J. E. .folinston, was lying in front of Richmond. McClellan, at the head of the .rmy of the Potomac, was marching up the peninsula to invest that city, meeting with but little opposition save at Yorktown and Williamsl)urg (qq.v. ). Gen. R. E. Lee was placed in com- mand of the Confederate forces after the battle of Seven Pines or Fair Oaks (May ."ilsl-.Iuu'' 1st), in which Johnston had been severely wound- ed, and one of his first acts was to order General .Jackson to join him with bis corps. The junction was effected with .Jackson's cus- tomary promptness and skill, and he suddenly appeared (.June 26th) at Jfcchanicsville. upon the right flank of the Federal army, which fell back after a smart engagement to Ciaines's Mill, where, on the following day, the battle was re- newed. .Jackson's corps took part in the move- ments attending McClellan's 'change of base,' and was especially prominent at jNIalvern Hill (July 1st). Soon afterwards Jackson confronted Gen-
 * iO,000 men under Banks and Fremont with three