Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/84

* JABLONOWSKI. 68 JACANA. monographs on Polish history, economics, and matlu'iiiatics or physics. Tliis association began its v<irk in 1774, and after an interval of inac- tivity was revived in 1828. It published Aclti Socictalis Jablonoviana; (1772-73); ova Acta (1802-45): and the .series of prize inonograi)lis (1847 sqq.).— Stanislas (1034-1702). of the same family, was one of the conspirators against King Michael, and a leader of the Poles in the war with Turkey, lie was made a German jirincc by the Enipenn' Leopold for his service^ at Vienna. Jonsac's Ilixtoire dc Slaiiislas Jablo- novs-Ki was translated into Polish by a second Pri.nce Stanislas (1790-1878), a Polish artil- lery olllcor. JABLONSKI,. ya-bh'm'slvc. Daniel ' Ern.st (lt;tlO-1741). A Polisli Protestant theologian, born near Dantzic. Prussia. He studied in the Frankfort University and in those of England and the Netherlands. In 1083 he took charge of the Kcfiirmcd Church in Magdeburg, where he distinguished himself as a preacher. Three years afterwards he l)ccame rector at the Jlora- vian College. Lissa. Frederick I. chose him fur his cluiplnin (10!I1-!I3). and by IG'J!) he was the leading bishop of the Moravian Church. That year he pulilislied his Ilrhnir fUblc, and he also brought out an edition of the Tiilniiid ( 1715-21 ), besides translating into Latin Bentley's sermons on "A Confutation of Atheism." which formed the first course of the Boyle Lectures. His knowl- edge of Oriental languages was one of his qualifi- cations for the presidency of the Berlin Royal Academy of Sciences ( 1733), and he lal)ored long, though unsuc(!essfully. to liring nliout a luiion between the followers of Calvin and l.uthcr. •JABON, iia-Ron', or JABONCILLO, iiiib.'.n- the'IyA. See Soai-fi.sh. JABORAN'DI. A name given in South America in several species of plants used as diaphoretics. The plants grow chiefiy in Brazil, and are most known in the neighliorhood of Per- nambuco. Those recognized by the Pliarmacopa'ia of the I'nited States are Pilocarpus Selloanus and Pilocarpus .laborandi. When bruised the leaves are aromatic, and ta.ste somewhat bitter. The important constituents are a volatile oil and two alk.aloids called pilocarpine and jaborine. The latter alkaloid somewhat resembles atrojiine in its action. An infusion of the leaves or a fluid extract or tincture may be given internally: or one of the salts may be administered with a hypodermic .syringe. When an infusion of 00 grains of the dried leaves is swallowed, it pro- duces in the course of two or three minutes .a flushing of the face, and in the course of five or six minutes drops of sweat appear on the fore- head, and soon afterwards on other parts of the body and limbs. When sweating is established the f.ace becomes pale, and a profuse secretion of saliva and nasal and bronchial mucus is poured out upon the mucous surface, and often there is an abundant secretion of tears. The salivation is often so profuse as to interfere with speech. The average duration of sweating is about one hour and a half, and the tempera- ture usually falls 1° F. The average loss of fluid by sweating is nearly two pints, but the loss is said sometimes to be four quarts if the salivary and mucous secretions are included. Sometimes, though rarely, sweating does not take place, but salivation is more frequently absent than sweat- ing. When one of these is diminished the other is increased. Vomiting is a usual occurrence, but the nausea is not great. The quantity of urine .secreted during the sweating is diminished and is passed with pain. I'rea ai)])ears in tho Iierspiration and saliva. The pulse is quickened at first and later slowed, and the arterial tension is incn'ased. Larger doses later cause marked cardiac depression. The sight frequently be- conu's dinuned — an elTect attributed to the action of the drug on the nuisdes of accommodation belonging t« the lens. (See Kye. ) .Jaboiandi is an elfective galactagogue, or promot<'r of the lacteal secretion. The hypodermic injection of one-sixth or one fifth of a grain of pilocarpine or the hydrochloratc pro<luccs much the same effects as the internal administration of tho infusion of the leaves, but the action is more promjit as well as more la.sting. With the hypo- dermic injection sweating always takes place, ami vomiting is less frequent. Applied lo<'ally to the eye it causes marked contraction of the pupil and diminution of intraocular tension. In general it may be said that the action of pilocarpine is antagonistic to that of atropine. The medical uses of jaborandi are few, and it should be used internally only with caution, on account of its depressing action upon the heart. It has been employed to cause absorption of ell'usions into the .serous cavities, either those of inflanmiatory origin, such as pleurisy, or those due to cinilalory failure or insiillieient action of the kidneys, such as hydrothorax and dropsy. It may be said that other remedies may be fovmd which are (]uite as elficaeious and lack the de- pressing efl'ect. In uraemia and eclampsia it has been used, but Veratrum viride is now pref<>rred. In conjunction with morphine it is employe<l as an antidote in atropine poisoning. Its chief use, however, is in glaucoma (q.v,), in which its local application to the eye causes diminution of the intraocular tension. It is sometimes em- ployed to break up adhesions of the iris by contracting the pupil. For this purpose it is alternated with atropine, which causes dilatation. It is used internally and locally to cause a thicker and coar.ser growth of hair. JACA. jii'ka. A tropical tree, closely related to the breadfruit. See .lArK-TKKE. JAC'AMAR (Fr., Sp. jncamrir. from Brazil- ian j'lcamarica) . One of the birds of the tropi- cal American family Galbulida", of which about twenty-four species are known, all inhabitant's of the region east of the Andes. They are com- paratively small, are brilliant in plvimage. re- semble the bee-eaters of the Old World, and in their habits are like the arboreal insectivorous kingfishers. The Brazilians call them 'foolish' on account of their stupidity. .lacamars build their nests in holes in banks or stumps, and lay only two white eggs. JACANA, jak'a-na. Port. pron. zha's,i-nii' (Brazilian jnranii). One of the small, rail-like plovers of the family Parrida', remarkable for their carpal spurs and for the extraordinary length of their toes and claws, adapted to the bird's habit of seeking its food (green sprouts of rice and the like, insects, and small aquatic animals) by walking on the floating leaves of the water-plants in weedy lakes and slow rivers. They belong to the tropics of various parts of the world. The common species of South