Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/836

* LANGUAGE. 758 LANGUB. of epistcraology (q.v. ). Thought is formulaU?d iu language, that is, it is symbolized in wonls. These words, when uttered, are understood, as we say; that is, they are taken to he sym- bols of thought in another's mind. The thought of the person who utters the words and the thought of the person who understands them are sup])Osed to be similar, although the thought of neither is to be identified with the symbolic con- veyance, that is, with the language. Analysis of the psychoses involved in this process is a fruit- ful source of speculative anxiety. Consult: Sweet, History of Language (London, inOO) ; Miiller, The Science of Language (Lon- don, 1861) ; Whitney, Life and (Irowth of Lan- guage (New York, 1875) ; LefSvre, Race and Lan- guage (New York, 1894) ; Paul, Principles of the History of Language, from 2d German ed. (London, 1888) : Wundt, Valherpsychologie, vol. i. (Leipzig, 1900) ; Steinthal, Ursprung dcr Hprnchc(Zti. ed., Berlin, 1877) ; Curti, Die Sprach- srliiipfung (Wiirzburg, 1890) ; Wallace, "E.- prcssiveness in Speech," in Studies Scientific and Social, vol. ii. (London. 1900); I.,otourncau. "L'^volution du langage," in Revue Mensuelle dc VEcole d'Anthropologie de Paris, vol. x. (Paris, 1900) ; Ribot, L'cvolution des idees generates (ib., 1897); Chamberlain, The Child (New York, 1900) ; Compayre, L'ivolution intellectuelle et morale de Venfant (Paris, 1893). See Philol- ogy; Phonetics; Speech. LAN'GUED (from Fr. langue, tongue). In heraldry (q.v.), a term used for an animal whose tongue is of a different color from its body. It is said to be langued of that color. LANGUEDOC, laNg'dok' (OF., from langue, language -f. de, of -f Prov. oe. yes, from Lat. hoc, this, the Provencal equivalent of OF. oui. oil, Fr. oui, yes, from Lat. hoc illud, this (is) that, vheiK'e the Old French language was termed Langue d'oui, Langue d'oil). A name given in the Middle Ages, and down to the French Revolu- tion, to a province in the south of France, bound- ed on the north by Auvergne and Lyonnais, on the east by the River Rhone, on the south by the Mediterranean and the counties of Foix and Roussillon, and on the west by Gascony and Guienne. The region is traversed through its whole length, from the northeast to southwest by the Cevennes (q.v.). Languedne is now divided into the departments of Loz6re, Gard, Ard&che, Aude, Ilerault, Tarn, and part of Haute-Loire, Haute-Garonne, Tarn-et-Garonne, and Arifege. The capital of Languodoc was Toulouse. The counts of Toulouse, whose history is connected with the Albigensian troubles, ruled over Langue- doc. which was reunited with the French Crown in 1271. Consult Devic and Vaissette, Histoirr qcn/ralc de hi province de Lanquedoc (2d ed., Toulouse, 1S7.3). IjANGUR, Irin-giKir'. A monkey of the Ori- ent.nl genus Semnopithecus. This name is given in Northern India, where these monkeys are most typical and familiar. In Ceylon they are called 'wanderoos,' and in Mayalan countries 'lutongs.' About thirty species are differentiated, ranging from the Indus as far east as Borneo. All are of comparatively large size, with slender. loose bodies, the hind limbs longer than the fore, the tail very long and often tufted, eyebrows bristly, and no cheek-pnuches. This last feature seems to be correlated with the fact that the stomach is divided into a number of pouches or sacs, much like that of a ruminant. This accords with their prevailing diet of leaves and green shoots, al- TEETH OF A LANGl'H. Compare iltuBtration under Mo.nkey. though in cultivated districts they feed greedily upon grain and vegetables. The habits of few species are well known. Hanuman, S.crei), or Entelli-.s Monkey. — The typical and most familiar of these monkeys is the haniunan (Semnopithecus entellus). to which the native name iangur' originally applied. Its proper home is in the northern half of penin- sular India — the valley of the (ianges and thence to Bombay. The body is about two feet long, and the tail half as long again, so that the total length is nearly five feet. (See Plate of Monkey.s of THE Oi.n World.) The movements are not quick and restless, as in most monkeys, but rather slow and sedate; yet it is able to make pnidigious leaps, and fatal fights sometimes happen when two troops meet and quarrel over ])roprietarv rights in feeding grounds, or seek to capture one another's females. This monkey is held in superstitious I'everence by the northern Hindus; it is often to be seen exhibiting impudent famili- arity in the precincts of temples; indeed, temples are often specially dedicated to it. and hospitals are erected for its reception when sick or wound- ed. The Hindu peasant, when his garden is plundered or his house robbed by troops of them, fears, as an act of sacrilege, to drive them away, but he is grateful to any one else who will do so, and the veneration is steadily weakening as Euro- pean influence spreads. (See IIani'man.) These monkeys are of great assistance to the tiger- hunters. Blanford describes how, safely en- sconced in a lofty tree, or jumping from one tree to another as the tiger moves, the monkey, by gesture and cry — a guttural note, very different from its ordinary joyous and often musical whoop — ])oints out the position of his enemy in the thickets or grass beneath, seeming to recog- niz<> the hunter as an ally to be assisted in a warfare against a common foe. The familiar ways and easily studied habits of these sacred monkeys have been well detailed in Kipling. Beast and Mati in Imlia (London. 1891). A very closely related species of Iangur dwells in the Himalayas, between .5000 and 12.000 feet of elevation, and is often seen dashing .about among snow-laden branches. They gather into large troops in the autumn, and then become a nuisance to hunters by alarming the game as soon as they catch sight of a man with a gun. Another species inhabits the still higher ranges of Tibet. In Southern India and Ceylon several