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* LANGDELL. 751 LANGE. has been prominently associated with the de- velopment of legal education in the United States, particularly in the introduction of the "case system' of study, of which lie was one of the orig- inators. His publications include: Selection of ('axes on the Law of Contractu ( 1870) ; Selection of Vases on the Laic of Sales (1872) ; Summary of the Law of Contracts and Equity Pleading (1877); and Cases in Equity Pleading (1878). LANG'DON", .John (1741-1819). An Ameri- can Kevolutionaiy leader and statesman, born at Portsmouth, X. H. He received a grammar- school education, spent some j'ears in a counting- house, and at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War had become a wealthy merchant and ship- owner. He was an ardent champion of the rights of the Colonies, and became interested in the organization of the local militia companies, as an oHicer of which he took part in Sullivan's seizure of Fort William and Mary at New Castle in December, 1774. In the following year he was elected to the Continental Congress, and later, as a naval agent of Congress, he superintended the building of several ships of war at Portsmouth. In 1776 he was appointed a judge of the New Hampshire Court of Common Pleas, and in 1777 became a member and Speaker of the General Assembly of the State. At the time of Bur- goyne's invasion he pledged his entire personal property to equip the New Hampshire volunteer troops, in which he served as a captain under Stark at the battle of Bennington, and after- wards at Saratoga. He continued to preside over the New Hampshire Assembly until the close of the war. and in 178.S was again elected to Con- gress. In 1787 he was a delegate to the conven- tion which drew up the Federal Constitution, took an active part in the debates, earnestly opposed the proposition to continue the power enjoj-ed by Congress under the Confederation of issuing unconvertible paper currency or bills of credit, and on the whole at that time approved of the establishment of a strong central govern- ment. He signed the Constitution as finally adopted, and returned home to work for its rati- fication. The New Hampshire eonventi<m. largely through his exertions, ratified the Constitution on .June 21, 1788, making the necessary ninth State, and thus taking from Virginia, which ratified four days later, the honor of making the instrument effective. In .June, 17S8, Langdon was chosen President of New Hampshire, and in November of the .same vear was elected to the fir.st I'nited States Senate. On April 6. 1789. he was elected president of that body, and in that capacity presided over the joint session of Con- gress convened for the counting of the electoral votes which made Washington the first President. He served as president /iro tempore of the Senate continuously, except for a short period in 1792. when R. H. Lee presided, until 1794. From 1794 to 1804 he was a member of Congress; be he was again a member of the New Hampshire .Assembly, serving as Speaker in 1S0.S0.5. and in the latter year was elected Governor of the State, contin- uing in office by annu.nl reeleetions until 1809. He was again elected in 1810 and 1811. and re- fused a renomination in 1812. In 1808 he re- ceived the votes of nine. ti-Federal electors for the office of Vice-President. He strongly sup- ported Madison's war policy and measures in 1812-13. LANGDON, Samuel (1723-97). An Ameri- can clergyman and educator. He was born in Boston, Mass.; graduated at Harvard in 1740, and taught a grammar school in Portsmouth. He was chaplain in the Louisburg expedition of 174.5; .settled at Portsmouth in 1747; and was pastor of the Congregational church there until 1774. when he became president of Harvard Uni- versity. In 1780 he was forced to resign because of the opposition of the student body to his pa- triotic sentiments. He died at Hampton Falls, N. H. T^angdon received the degree of D.D. from Aberdeen in 1762. He was a charter member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and was a prominent advocate of the ratification of the Federal Constitution in the New Hampshire Convention of 1788. LANGE, liing'e, Ernst Philii'P K.vrl (1813- 90 ). A German novelist, better known by his nomdeplume, Philipp Galen. He was born at Potsdam; studied medicine at Berlin; entered the Prussian army as surgeon in 1840; and was in charge of a field hospital in the Holstein cam- paign of 1849. After 1857 he lived at Potsdam. He wrote: Der Irre von Saint James (written in 1844. published in 1854), the best of his novels (7th ed. 1883) ; a semi-biographieal romance, Walther Lund (1855) : Andreas Burns, a sketch of life in Holstein ( 1856) : Die Tochter des Diplo- matcn (1865) ; Der Alte com Berg (1873) ; Die Moselnixe (1877); Die Fiirstendietier (1880); and Der Meier von Mnnjardin (1891). I^NGE, Friedricii Albert (1828-75). A German philosopher and economist, born at Wald. near Solingen. and educated at Zurich and Bonn. He entered journalism as editor of the Rhcin- tiiid RuhrZeitung (18G2). and showed himself an able opponent of Bismarck's Ministry. In 1870 he was appointed to a new chair of induc- tive philosophy at Zurich. His earlier literary activity was in economies and included such books as Mills Ansichten iiber die sociale Frage (1865) and the valuable work Die Arbeiterfrage (2d revised ed. 1870). which is socialistic, but re- markably practical an<l indc])endent. More im- portant is his work in philoso])hy, especially the (leschiehte des Materialismus (last ed. 1898), with a valuable criticism of modern science, ethics, and economics. Consult : Braun, Lange als Socialolcc^wm (Halle. 1881) ; Ellisen, Lange. eine Li hensl)csichreibung (Leipzig. 1891). LANGE, Henry (1821-93). A German car- tographer, born at Stettin. He worked with Berghaus. and. after laboring three years in Edinburgh on .Johnson's pliysical atlas, studied inulcr Ritter and Dove in Berlin (1847 sqq.). In 1855 he entered the employ of Broekhaus .it the head of the geographical department ; retired in 1860; and in 1868 became inspector in the Ber- lin Statistical Bureau. He published: Atlas ran yordamerika (1854) ; Broekhaus' Reisentlas (18.58-73); and Land und Seekarfc des Mittel- landisehen Meers (2d ed. 1870). LANGE, .TonANN Peter (1802-84). A Ger- man theologian. He was born at Sonnborn,near Elberfeld. studied at Bonn, and after serving for several years as pastor, becaine professor of the- ology- at Zurich in 1841. and at Bonn in 18,';4. His works include : A)o« Lehen -fesii (1844-47; Eng. trans. 1864 and 1872) ; rhriylllrh. Dog-