Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/820

* LANDSEEB. 744 LANDSMAN. (1839), in the National Gallery; "A Random Shot" (1848) ; ".Monarch of the Glen" (1851). Landseer became an associate of the Kojal .Academy in 1826, at twenty-four years of age, the earliest allowed by the statutes, and a mem- ber in 1831. He frequently drew and painted the Queen and the Prince Consort, both of whom he taught etching. He was of a nervous tempera- ment, and his peculiar sensitiveness to imagined slights lilled the latter part of his life with mental depression. In 1850 he was knighted; in 1855 he received gold medals at the Paris Exposition, and at Vienna in 1873. In 1865 he declined the presidency of the -cadeniy. He died October 1, 1873, and was buried in Saint Paul's Cathedral. Although not of the same high quality as his animal paintings, Landseer's portraits were frank and natural ; among the best are those of himself and of hi^ father. In the "Connoisseurs" he represented himself as sketching, with a dog on each side watching his progress. He also de- signed for engravings, his best designs being his illustrations to the Waverley Novels. As a sculptor he designed the fine lions at the base of Nelson's monument in Trafalgar Square, be- sides a "Stag at Bay," exhibited the year of his death. In painting he was a facile draughtsman, swift in execution and elegant in line : his color, however, especially in his last works, is liable to be cold and crude. His works are best known through the large number of excellent engravings made of them, especially by his brother Thomas. Ilis paintings can only be studied in England. The National Gallery contains, besides the im- portant works mentioned above: "Highland Music" (1830) ; "Hunted Stag" (1838) : "Peace" (1846); "War" (1840); "King Charles Span- iels;" "Sleeping Bloodhound;" "Highland Dogs;" "Alexander and Diogenes." In South Kensington iluseum there are: "Highland Drov- ers' Departure:" "Dog and Shadow;" "A Fire- side Party:" "There is No Place Like Home:" "The TwaDogs;" "Tethered Rams;" "Suspense;" "Eagle's Nest." There are also fine examples at Windsor and in other royal palaces. Among well-known works in private possession are: "Cat's Paw" (1824); "Poacher Deer Stalking:" "Otter Speared" (1844) ; "Monarch of the Glen:" "Swannery Invaded by Eagles;" "Stag at Bay." Consult: Algernon Graves, Catalogue of the ^^'orks of Landseer (London. 1875), which con- tains good biographical notices: Stephens, Mem- oirs of Landseer (ib.. 1873), and Sir Edwin Landseer (ib., 1881) ; Daffome, Pictures iy Land- seer (ib., 1873). LAND'S END. The westernmost point of England, in Cornwall, on the Atlantic Ocean, at the entrance to the English Channel (Map: Eng- land. .A 6). The promontory consists of granite cliffs from 60 to 100 feet* high ; the vicinity is noted for fine cliff scenery, and for one of the most celebrated of natural rocking or 'logan' 'tones in the kingdom. Land's End is the ancient Jiolerium Promontorium. LANDSHTJT, lilntslioot. A free city and the capital of Lower Bavaria, situated on the Isar. 42 miles by rail northeast of Munich (Jlap: Germany. E 41. It is an old town with broad streets and picturesque gabled houses, and is partly situated on an island in the river. The churches of Saint ^Martin. Saint .Todocus. and the Hospital Church are interesting brick edifices. the first surmounted by a tower over 430 feet high. The Rathaus, originally erected in the fifteenth century, but entirely rebuilt since then, has a nvunber of tine frescoes in tempera in its splendid late-Gothic council chamber. Another notable building is the magnificent Italian Re- naissance palace erected in the sixteenth century. Its court, with columns, and its friezes, are among the best of their kind. In the vicinity of Landshut, at an altitude of 1530 feet, rises the remarkable old Castle of Trausnitz, the for- mer seat of the dukes of Lower Bavaria. The chief educational institution of Landshut is the royal gymnasium, founded by the .lesuits in 1629. The university, transferred hither from Ingol- stadt in 1800, was removed to Munich in 1820. The town manufactures mainly machinery, ropes, chemicals, tobacco, and flour, carries on some trade in agricultural products and live stock, and has important markets or fairs. Population, in 1800, 18,S02; in 1000. 21.736; mostly Catholics. Landshut was founded in 1 180, and was from 1255 to 1504 the capital of the Duchy of Bavaria- Landshut. LANDSKNECHT, lants'kngKt. See Free Lance : INIercexaries. XANDSKBONA, lans-kroo'na. A fortified seaport town of Sweden. situated on the Soutid, 31 miles north of JIalmo (Map: Sweden, E 9). It is regularly built, with broad and straight streets and handsome houses. It has a castle, built in the sixteenth century, which is now used as a prison, and manufactures tobacco, sugar, leather, and ironwork. Its harbor is excellent, and is equipped with shipyards. It has regular steam- ship communication with Copenhagen, Liil)eck. and the Swedish coast towns. It carries on con- siderable trade in grain, dairv products, and timber. Population, in 1001, 14.309. IiANDSLIP. A mass of earth and rocks which for some cause becomes detached from its original position and slides down to a lower level. Earthquakes, erosion, and especially the action of percolating water are common agents of land- slips or landslides. There are records of great landslips in the Alps that received their initial impetus from earthquakes, but this agency is most prominent in volcanic regions. The base of cliffs along river valleys is subject to re- 7noval by erosion, thus undermining the strata above. The base of strata which rest in an in- clined position upon beds of clay or other loose materials may be lubricated by the infiltration of water, causing the strata to slide by mere gravitation. Elevated peat bogs have been known to discharge themselves after heavy rains upon neighboring fields. See Avai.axche. LANDSMAN. The lowest rating in the en- listed force of a man-of-war. Landsmen consti- tute almost one-third the entire crew, but many are soon after rated as coal-passers, yeomen (clerks), writers, etc.. according to their wishes and qualifications and the requirements of the ship. Certain numbers of landsmen are placed on board training ships for several months' in- struction before being sent to regular cruising ships. Landsmen are promoted to ordinary sea- men when they are qualified, provided the vacan- cies in the complement of the ship will permit. In the United States Navy, any young man in good physical condition, not less than eighteen years of age or more than twenty-five, may be