Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/819

* LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 743 LANDSEER. erenee to the purposes intended. In districts where the general scene exhibits a succession of rectangular fields, and where everything has evi- dently been reduced to a condition subservient to utility, a greater irregularity gives pleasure, and the eye loves to rest on any portion of the landscape which seems to exhibit the original beauties of nature. The landscape gardener, liowever. must not attempt an exact imitation of nature, or try to reduce everything to a state of primitive wildness. Like the painter, he must seek to exhibit nature idealized. The public parks of the United States ex- liibit some of the best models of landscape gar- dening (m a large scale. The cemeteries of near- ly all the larger American cities are also de- signed to produce pleasing effects in landscape gardening; and as far as such efi'ects can be produced where numberless monumental tributes to the <lead must necessaril.v be conspicuous fea- tures of the scene, they are the most beautiful works of their kind in the world. BiBUOGBAPiiY. The following are the principal American works on this subject : Do«-ning, Trea- tise on Landscape Gardening (1841); Cyclo- pcedia of American horticulture (New York, 11)00-02) ; Bailey, Garden Making (New York, 1000) ; Waugh, Landscape Gardening (Xew York, 1899) ; Van Rensselaer, Art Out of Doors (Xew York. 1893); Rose. Luirns and Gardens (Xew York, 1897) ; Maynard, Landscape Gardening as Applied to Borne Decoration (Xew Y'ork. 1899) : Parsons. Landscape Gardening (Xew Y'ork, 1891) : id.. How to Plant Home Grounds (Xew York, 1899) ; Piatt. Italian Grounds (Xew York, 1894). Among European works, consult: Rep- ton, Observations on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening (London, 179.3): Robin- son, The English Flower Garden (London. 1883) ; id.. The Parks, Promenades, and Gardens of Paris (London. 181)9) : .Taeger, Lehrhuch der Gartenkunst (Leipzig, 1877); id., Gartenkunst und Garten, So)kit and -Jetzt (Berlin. 1887); Andr^, L'art des jardins (Paris, 1879) ; Am- herst. History of Gardening in England (Lon- don, 188.5). See Pabks; Hobticultube; Lawn. LAND'SEER. A distinguished family of English painters and engravers. The father of the family, John (1769-1852), engraver and au- thor, was born in Lincoln. He illustrated a number of works, his plates being chiefly land- scapes. The most interesting are a few plates after Turner, the best being probably the "Cas- cade at Terne." In 1800 he was made associate engraver of the Rnyal Academy, and in the same year he delivered a series of lectures on engrav- ing before the Royal Institution (published in 1808). He endeaAored in vain, through memo- rials to the Academy and a petition to the House of Commons, to have engraving placed upon the same footing in the Academy as in foreign countries. Disappointed in this, he turned his attention to archseology. publishing several works. He was a fellow of the Society of -Antiquaries and engraver to the King. His three sons became famous. — Thomas Landseeb ( 179.1-1880), the eldest, was an engraver. He was born in London, and was a pupil of his father and of Benjamin Haydon. He spent most of his life engraving on steel from his brother Edwin's ani- mal pictures. His engravings are faithful and sympathetic reproductions, often full-sized copies of the original paintings. Among his other works is the engraving of Rosa Bonheur's "Horse Fair." The Biblioth&que Xationale in Paris con- tains an album of his designs and sketches, which indicate high talent. He was author of the Life and Letters of William Bewick ( 1871 ). — Chables Lanu.seeb (1799-1S79) was an historical paint- er. He received his first instructions in art from his father and from Benjamin Haydon, and en- tered the school of the Royal Academy in 1816. Four years later he accompanied Lord Stuart de Rothsay on a mission to Brazil, where he made a large number of drawings and sketches for Dom Pedro I. He made his first e.xhibition at the Royal Academy in 1828 ; in 1837 was elected an associate, in 1845 an academician, and was keeper of the Academy (1851-73). Among his paintings the most important are: "Claris- sa Harlowe in the Spunging House," and "Sack- ing of Basing House." in the Xational Gallery, London; '"Pillaging of a .Jew's House;" "Crom- well at Xaseby," Xational Gallery, Berlin; "The Departure of Charles 11. from Bentley;" and "The Eve of the Battle of Edgehill." He died in London. July 22, 1879. LANDSEER, Sir Edwin Henbt (1802-73). An eminent English animal painter. He was born in London, March 7, 1802. Under his father's guidance he sketched animals in the fields about London before his fifth year, and before he was twelve he could etch and paint in water-colors and oil. Some of these earliest efforts are preserved in South Kensington Mu- seum. He won the silver palette and three medals of the Society of Arts (1813-16). and made his debut at the Royal Academy Exhibi- tion in 1815. Although he seems to have profit- ed from the advice of Haydon in 1815, he was not among the latter's pupils, and in 1816 he entered the Academy schools. During the fol- lowing years his paintings attracted much at- tention, especially his "Fighting Dogs" (1819) and "Alpine ilastiffs Reviving a Traveler in the Snow" (1820). The latter work, engraved by his father and brother, became one of the most popular prints of the day. In 1825 he went to Scotland, visiting Sir Wal- ter Scott, whom he painted with his dogs at Ab- botsford, and traveling in the Highlands. This visit was of decisive influence upon his art. . great lover of sport, he learned to know the deer in their native hamts. and was the first to intro- duce them into art. His imagination was also afl'ected by the grandeur of mountain scenery, which he used as background for many of his pictures. From this time, too, he began to paint animals, especially the dog. in their relation to man, endowing them with human sentiments. This quality is the chief source of his popularity with the public; but it also distinguishes him un- favorabl.v from really great animal painters like Potter. Snyders. and Troyon. who painted ani- mals as they really are in nature. He also in- creased the popularity of his pictures by care- fully chosen names, .mong his most celebrated paintings of this character are "High Life" and "Low Life" (1831). Xational Gallerv-. a deer- hound and a butcher's mongrel : ". .Tack in Of- fice" (1833). South Kensington Museum: "Bol- ton .bbey in the Olden Time" (1834K "Chats- worth." a picture showing dexterous treatment of dead game; "The Old Shepherd's Chief Mourn- er;" ". Distinguished Member of the Humane Society" (1838). and "Dignity and Impudence"