Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/810

* LANDES. 734 LAND LEAGUE. miles. Population, in 1896, 292,884; in 1901, 291,586 (Map: France, F 8). The greater part of the surface is composed of the laiidvs (ij.v.), whioli atl'onl a bare pasturage to sheep and cattle. Its chief industries are connected with cork, timber and its In-products, charcoal, turpen- tine, and resin. The principal river is the Adour. Capital, Jlontde-ilarsaii, LANDESMANN, lan'dps-nian, HeinrkiI (ISL'l-mOi). An Austrian lyrist, novelist, and es- sayist, wliose pseudonym was Hieronynuis ]>orni. He was born at Nil<olsliurg. iloravia. and was educated in seeral schools in Vienna, but for the most part by himself because of re])eated sickness, and the partial loss in his fifteenth year of sight and hearing. Later in life he be- came entirely blind. His literary career began ■with Abdul (1843). Soon after this he went to Berlin, and published H'ichs poetisclic tichiciiigen viid Fidcni ( 18471. a very clever piece of politi- cal and literary criticism which roused the anger of ilelternich. He became critic for Kiihnc's periodical Eiiropa. anil wrote Griifenberger Aquarell ( 1848 1 while in Berlin. His novels include: Ein Z'UiHiiij dc>i> Jahres IS.'/S (185.5; later editions under the title Oabriel liolmar) : Am Kamin (185U) ; Der chrllchc Name (1880) : Ein Schatten aiis fcipanfienen Tagen- (1882); Ein Kind des Mcens (1882) ; Das Leben kein Traum (1888); and GeheimrUtin (1891). He also wrote dramas, such as Die Allen vnd die Jungen, Das Furslhans. and Hicroniimus Napo- leon: critical essays, and Gedichte (1870) ; Xeiie Gedichte (1877): and Xachsommer. neue Ge- dichte (lasted. 1901). Tliese lyrics are probably the most important of Landesmann's works. He is one of the foremost Oennan poets of pessimism. LANDGRAVE, or LANDGRAF. See Gbaf. LANDING FORCE, or Landing Party. An organized force detailed from the crew and of- ficers of a ship and designed for operating on shore, when no other military forces are avail- able. It usually consists of nearly all the marines serving on board the ship, and of one or more companies of 'bluejackets' (i.e. enlisted men who are not marines — men enlisted as landsmen are bluejackets, but not strictly sailors). The men are armed with rilles. machine guns, and 3-inch field guns when the latter arc thought necessary. They are landed in boats, light infantry boats being the first ashore, the men in the otlier boats following when the first party is in position to prevent a surprise of the main body. When landing in the face of opposition the force is supported by the fire of armed boats, and the guns of the ship if possible. In any case care is exercised to avoid being under fire of the enemy, except for a few seconds, while still in the boats. A naval infantry company consists of 48 men in ranks, six petty officers (two acting as the right and left guides), a captain of company, and two lieutenants of company. A Colt gun de- tachment consists of 12 men and a petty officer ; the crew (called a section) of the 3-inch naval field gun consists of 24 men and 3 petty officers in charge of an ensign, naval cadet, or warrant officer. Two sections of artillery make a platoon, two platoons a battery, and two or more bat- teries a battalion. It will be noticed that two Colt gtm detachments are equal to a section of artillery or infantry; two sections of artillery are e(|ual to a platoon of artillery or a company of infantry. These equalities in numbers sim- plify the organization and drill of the men at in- fantry and artillery. W hen the landing force of a ship consists of .several companies it is called a battalion. Two or more battalions form a ■naval brigade. Battalions are commanded by lieutenantconunanders or lieutenants, and bri- gades by commanders or captains. LANDIT, or LENDIT (Fr. Vendit, from Ze, the + endit, from -ML. indictnm. assembly, from Lat. indicere, to appoint, from in. in + dicere, to .say), THE Fair of. A celebrated fair in mediie- val France. In 1109 the cathedral of Paris re- ceived a portion of the true cross. In' order to allow the faithful to see this, the bishop chose a large open place between iSaint-Oucn, Saint- Denis, and Paris, where on the second Wednes- day in June it should be exhibited. Because of the great gathering of ])eoplc for the religious festival, merchants flocked thitlier and held a fair under the auspices of the monks of Saint- Denis. The fair was much frcc|uentcd by mer- chants from Normandy. Flandcr-, and the north of France. Because of the civil wars, the fair after the middle of the sixteenth century was held in the town of Saint-Denis, and soon lost its importance. In the eighteenth century it be- came a sheep-market. See Lebeuf, Bistoire de la rille et la diocese de Paris, vol. ii. (Paris. 1884). LAND LEAGUE. One of the leagues found- ed at different times in Ireland to improve the condition of the tenant. In the winter of 1879-80 the agrarian distress caused by par- tial failure of the crops during the preceding year assumed the proportions of a famine. The ]>easants were inable to pay rents, and wholesale evictions followed, with consequent resistance and conflicts with the pnlic<'. At this time Jlichael Davitt conceived the plan of forming an organization of tenant farmers to further the tenants' interests. Charles Stewart Parnell. the leader of the Irish Party, approved of the plan, and on the 21st of October. 1879. the Land League was organized in Dublin, with Parnell as president and Davitt as one of the three secre- taries. The object of the League was to raise money for the relief of the distressed Irish peasantry, and to furnish them with legal counsel in resisting the landlords. It advocated the peasant proprietorship of the soil as a remedy for the existing evils. The I,eague grew in Ireland and was very effective in preventing evic- tions and reducing rents. Its agitation, however, was incendiary in character, and disturbances became more frequent. To relieve the distress, Gladstone in 1880 secured the passage of a bill providing for the temporary suspension of evic- tions, but the Lords by an overwhelming majority rejected the measure. This action on the part of the Lords increased the outrages in Ireland. Although the most radical leaders of the Land League, especially Michael Davitt. deprecated the use of force, they were luiable to prevent it. Cattle were frequently mutilated, and murders of land- lords occurred in different parts of the country. Rents were often withdrawn altogether. In No- vember. 1880. the Oovernment charged Parnell and his associate leaders with conspiracy, but failed to convict them. In order to meet the lawless- ness, and at the same time to remedy agrarian distress, Forster, the Irish Secretary, introduced