Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/81

* lYEYASU TOKTJGAWA. 65 IZCOHUATL. be ordained that ea,cli of the daimios should, with a certain number of his armed retainers, remain in Yedo six months of the year, and their wives and families should be left as host- ages when they visited their own domains. He then began extensive internal improvements; he enlarged the castle at Yedo, made streets and canals, built bridges, erected buildings, drained marshes, constructed the great highway called Tokaido, which runs along the eastern coast from Yedo to Kioto, and effected many other great and lasting improvements for the betterment of the countn-. In ItiOS he concluded peace with Korea, reestablished friendly relations with China, and retired in favor of his son Hidetada, reserving to himself, however, a large measure of control. He then took up his abode in his castle at Sumpu (now Shidzuoka), in the Province of Suruga, occupying himself with the collection of books and manuscripts, and the composition (as is be- lieved) of the document, in one hundred sections, known as The Legacy (or Testament) of lye- yasu, containing laws or rules to be observed in governing the country. His policy, which aimed at the unification of the country', included as one of its features the exclusion of aliens and the alien religion, Christianity. In 1G14 he issued a proclamation ordering all Romish propagand- ists and leaders of churches to be deported, their churches to be destroyed, and compulsory recan- tation of the faith by the converts. Large num- l)ers were deported, and thousands were mas- sacred in the persecutions that followed. The Portuguese and Spanish were expelled, but the Dutch and English, who first arrived in Japan during this period, received commercial privi- leges, the former being allowed to settle at Nagasaki, and the latter at Hirado. lyeyasu died at Sumpu, and was buried at Kunosan in Surage, l)ut later his remains were interred in a mausoleum at Nikko. He was canonized as To Sho Dai-Gonyen, but is com- monly spoken of as Gongen Sama. His festival falls on the 17th day of the fourth month. Con- sult: Rein, Japan (London. 1884) ; Lowder, The Legacy of lyeyasu (Y'okohania, 1874) ; and Grigsby, in the Transaction's of the Asiatic So- ciety of Japan, vol. viii. (Tokio, 1875). IZABAL, e'sa-Bii!'. Capital of the Department of Izuhal, Guatemala, situated in a mountainous but very fertile district on the south shore of Lake Tznbal (or Golfo Dulce), which is con- nected with the Caribbean Sea by the Rio Dulce (Map: Central America, C 3). The river is not navigable for large vessels, and Livingston, at the mouth of the river, has become the port through which Izabal exports ebony, rosewood, and other fine cabinet-woods, savsaparilla. cacao, and coffee. Population, about .3000. IZABAL, Lake. An inlet of the Gulf of Hon- duras in the eastern part of Guatemala. Central America (Jla]): Central America. C .3). It ex- tends in a southwestern direction for 36 miles, and has a width of about 1 1 miles. Its depth is sufficient for large steamers, but the bar at the mouth makes it difficult of navigation. IZAIjCO, e-slil'ko. A remarkable volcano, near the Pacific Coast, 36 miles northwest of the city of San Salvador. Guatemala. It sud- denly burst out of the plain in 1793. and since then has been active at regular intervals. Great quantities of material have been ejected, and the cone, which has gradually risen to the height of about 2000 feet, is estimated to contain 27,- 000,000 cubic yards of debris. It is one of the series known as the San Salvador group of vol- canoes that forms a prominent feature of the Guatemalan coast. IZAMAL, e'sa-mal'. A town in the Mexican Stale of Yucatan, situated 41 miles by rail east of ilerida ( Map : Mexico, P 7 ) . It is noted chiefly for its ancient ruins, which have inter- ested many eminent archicologists, among others Charnay and Bourbourg. Population, about COOO. IZ'ABD, George (1776-1828). An American soldier, son of Ralph Izard. He was born at Richmond, England. He graduated at the Col- lege of Pennsylvania in 17U2, then went to Eng- land, where he entered the military school at Kensington, and after a short stay there studied at Edinburgh. Marburg, and Metz. He was ap- I'ointed lieutenant of United States artillery on June 7, 1794; retunied to America in 1797. was sent to Charleston as the engineer of Castle Pinckney, and later commanded Fort Mifflin and West Point. He was then for a short time secretary of the American Legation at Lisbon. He resigned from the army in 1803. but at the beginning of the War of 1812 reentered it as colonel of the Second Artillery, and rose to the rank of major-general. He was ordered to the northern frontier, where he served at first under General Wade Hampton, and later in conjunction vrith tiencral Brown near Niagara, where his conduct, though approved by the Government, aroused popular critiei.sm. This led to his pub- lishing in 1816 a volume entitled Official Corre- spondence icith the ^Var Department, lSUf-15. President Monroe appointed him Governor of Arkansas Territory in 1825, a post which he held until his death. IZARD, R.LPH (1742-1804). An American patriot of the Revolutionary period, born near Charleston, S. C. He inherited a large estate; was educated at Cambridge, England, and on his return to America passed his time chiefly in New York as a young man of fashion. Returning to England in 1771. he lived in London until 1774, when he went to the Continent because of the im- pending war between England and her American Colonies. From 1776 to 1779 he was nominally commissioner of the United States to Tuscanv, but remained during the greater part of this period at Paris, and took an active part in the controversy between Franklin and Arthur Lee, siding with the latter and vigorously attacking the former. In 1780 he returned to America, and soon afterwards pledged his valuable estate to enable Congress to procure ships of war from Europe. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress. 1782-83, and was a member of the United States Senate from 1789 to 1795. His correspondence was published bv his daughter in 1844. IZCOHUATL, e'ski'iwii't'l. or IZIOCATL, e'se-6-ka't'l. or IZCOATL, e'sko-ii't'l (?-1436). First Emperor of the Aztecs. He began to reign in 1427, and joined with the princes of Tezcuco and Tlaltelolco in an attempt to throw off the yoke of ilaxtla. Emperor of Tepanee. They suc- ceeded after a campaign of nearly four months and captured the tyrant, of whom they made a sacrifice. Izcohuatl afterwards did much for the