Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/796

* LAMIA. 722 LAMMEBGEIER. who stiaiigk'd and devoured young children. In the hiter development the Lanii;e were vampires with the power of assuming attractive forms to allure victims, whose tiesh lliey devoured. The Lamije were used as nursery hobgohlins to terrify children, and corresponded to the media'val ■witches. Keats w-rote a poem, Lamia (1820), in vliich the briiU' is made to revert to her original serpent form. (3) A courtesan of Athens, orig- inally a lliile]dayer. She acciuired great inllu- encc over Demetrius Poliorcetes, into whose hands she fell at the battle of ISalamis, and long main- tained her power tlirough her talents. IShe was noted for her great extravagance. Temples were dedicated to her under the name of Aphrodite at -Vthcns and Tliebes. LAMIA, or Zituni. The capital of the No- marchy of Phthiotis, Greece, situated near the head of the IJulf of Lamia, 28 miles southeast of Phar.salos (Map: Greece, D 3). It is dominated by a mediieval fortress on the site of a more re- mote structure. Its chief features are the mosipie, bazaars, an<l gardens. The rearing of camels is a distinctive industry. Population, in 18!lti, 7414. Here, in B.C. 323, Antipater and liis army were unsuccessfully besieged by the Athenians under Loosthenes, who was killed during an assault. To the south is the strategic Pass of Thermopylae (q.v.), immortalized b}' numerous celelirated de- fenses, the most famous of which ended in the annihilation of I.eonidas an<l his band of S])ar- tans and Tlies])ians wlien heroically resisting the advance of the I'ersian hosts under Xerxes, B.C. 480. Also on the south is the Bridge of Alamanna, where in 1821 young Diakos and the Pishop of Salona, commanding 700 Greeks, heroically op- posed the advance of a Turkish army. The an- cient name of Lamia has replaced the name of Zituni, by which it was known during the Turk- ish domination. LAMIAN WAR. A war waged in B.C. 323 by the allied States of Greece against Antipater (q.v.). At first Antipater met with reverses and took refuge in the Thessalian town of Lamia, which gave its name to the war. There he was besieged by the Greeks for some months, but finally managed to escape, through the aid of Craterus (q.v.). thus ending the war and bring- ing the allies into subjection. Txosthones, the Athenian commander oif the Greeks, was killed during the siege. LAM'INA (Lat., thin plate). A thin layer or coat, which may be laid over another: or a plate or scale, as a thin layer of minerals, bone, etc. In anatomy, a bone or part of a l)one said to resemble a thin plate, as the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. In botany, the broad thin petal of a Ihiwcr. or what is called the blade of a leaf, is technically known as a lamina. LAM'INA'RIA (Xeo-Lat.. from Lat. lami>ia. thin plate). A genus of brown seaweeds of the order Laminarincca>, or kelps. The species are widely distributed in the cooler waters of the globe, are common on rocky coasts, and attain .a marked development upon the Pacific coast. They are marked by a cylindrical stalk of varying length, which expands above into a broadened leaf-like striicture without a midrib. lAirninaria digitata is the common tangle of the seacoasts. Lamintiria potalolnm is common in Australia, etc. ; its hard stalk furnishes material for im- plements of various kinds. Other species, as Lamiiiaria bulbosa, were formerly extensively used by glass and soap makers. Laminnria sac- charina is a source of mannite. In .Japan Liimi- naria, jtiiionicii and Ltiminariii amjusla, more* than 40,000.000 pounds of which were shi]iped in 1804 to China, are important articles of food. A luunbcr of species are important sources of iodine. LAM'INA'TION (from ML. laminarc, to plate. liiiiTi Lat, Idiiiiiiii, thin plate). Tile arrange- ment of sedimentary rocks, such as shales and sandstones, in thin layers or lamina'. Lamination indicates interruiition in the proi'css of depo- sition, which may have been occasioned by suc- cessive tides, by periodical floods, or bv change in the supply of material, t'lay deposits fre- quently show a fine sprinkling of .saii>. Iilaiinna-sxc. hlfifmrrssc, kaf-mass, bread-feast, from hluf, Goth. gahUiiba, OllG. hlaiba, Ger. Laib, loaf + mccsae, OUG. ni ism, niesse, Ger. Messc, mass, from ML. missa, mass, from Lat. missa, p.p. fem. of miltcre, to .send). August 1st. It is one of the cross-quarter days, or half-quarter days, in Kngh'iid. On this day, which is the feast of Saint Peter ad Viii- cula, it was customary in early times to make offerings of the first fruits of the harvest- LAMMER, lem'mer. Hugo (1835—). A Ger- man divine, born at -Vllenstuin, in Kast Prussia. From 1852 to 18.50 ho studied Protestant the- ology at the universities of Kiinigsljcrg, Leipzig, and Herlin, but afterwards became a convert to Ciitholicism. He justified his conversion by a pamphlet. Miscricordias Domini (181). In 1882 he was made jjrelatc prothonotary, and he lectured for many years on history and law of the Church. His publi<'ations include: Clemcntis Alcxandrini dc Loi}o Doctrina (1885) ; Die ror- iridciitinisch-lcatholische Thcologie drs Rrforma- tionnzcittiUers, aus den QiirUin dnrfieslcllt, a prize essay (1858); Zur Kircliriiititn- tioneii dps katholischen Kirchenrcchts (2d ed. 1892). LAMMERGEIER, lam'mer-gl'er (Ger. /.«m- nicrr/ricr. lambs' vulture, from JAimmer, pi. of Lamm. OH(i., Goth., AS.. Eng. himb + Qeier, OHG. ft'ir. vulture: connected with OHG. ger, giri, girlg. Gci-. girrig. greedy. Goth, guirim. de- sirous). The largest of European birds of prey {Gi/paelu.i barbatus) . measuring 40 inches or more in length and from 8 to 10 feet in extent of wing. Keally an eagle, and therefore one of the Faleonida. it has won its name of 'bearded' or 'griffon' vulture from its frequent use of carrion as food, and it often resorts to tlie remains of vul- tures' feasts to gather up and devour the scattered bones. Its food ordinarily consists of small mammals and young lambs and chamois, in addi- tion to carrion, but when driven by hunger it has