Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/794

* LAMBS' CLXJB. 720 LAMENNAIS. tors, newspaper men, and other Bohemians, who were in the liabit of dining together periodically at the Lnit.'d States Hotel in 187;i and 1S74. They organized the club in 1874, modeling it after the Lambs' Club of J^ondon, founded by John Hare, George Du JIaurier, Sir Douglas Straight, and others. The Landjs has escai)ed the fate of many similar organizations, and pre- served its distinctively theatrical eliaracter through a wise provision of the constitution. Al- though uon -prnfcssinnal mcnilxTs are admitted, the constitution limits their inimber to one-third of the membership. The club-house, at 70 West Thirty-sixth Street, is a handsome building, one of the chief features of which is its theatre, where the Lambs hold their annual 'gambol.' The chief executive ollicer of the club is the 'Shepherd,' the vice-president is the 'Boy,' while the officer who manages and directs the 'gambols' is known as the 'Collie.' LAMB'S LETTUCE. A .salad plant. See Cl!R.N"-S.L.U. LAMB'TON, .Joiix Geokge, first Karl of Dur ham. See Dibham. LAMEGO, la-ma'gA. An old town of Portu- gal, in the Province of Beira. situated amid roeky mountains three miles south of the Douro. and 43 miles east of Oporto (Map: Portugal. B 2). It has a Gothic cathedral and a bishop's palace. It exports wine and hams. Population, in 1900, 9179. It figured conspicuously in the wars be- tween the Moors and the early kings of Leon. LAMELLIBRANCHIA, la-mel'li-bran'ki-a, or LAMELLIBRANCHIATA (Xeo Lat.. from Lat. laiiiilhi. thin uietal plate + hranchifF. gills). Names no longer in scientific use for the group of bivalved mollusks now termed Peleeypoda. It consists of two sections, Monomyaria, character- ized by having a single adductor muscle, and Dimyaria, with two adductors. See Mollusca, and Pei.kcypoii.v. LAMEL'LICORN (from Lat. Inmella, thin metal plate + coriiu, horn). A beetle of the family Scarabieid.-e, so named because the club of the antenna is composed of tliree or more joints which are broad, leaf-like, and closely ap- pressed so as to have the appearance of one piece. See ScARAB.siD.E and Beetle. LAMENNAIS, him'nil'. HvoiES Ffii.icixfi RonF.Ri UK ( 17-<-21S.5l). A French religious and liolitical writer, of great influence in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. He was born at Saint-Malo. and educated largely by his uncle, a fervent opponent of the Encyclopiedists. Tlic boy, however, was a passionate admirer of Rous- seau. His first published work. Kt^flexinns siir Vftat de I'rfilinr en Friince pciuJnnt le XVIIIrme sUcle (1808). was a vigorous attack on material- istic philo.sophy. In conjunction with his brother, after the fall of Xapoleon. who had suppressed the former work, he pro<luced Ln Iradition de VvfiViKC stir riiistittitirm drf! ('ri'ipirs (1814). On Napoleon's return he was obliged to take refuge in England, where he was befriended by Abh6 Caron. In 181.5 he entered the Seminary of Saint Sulpiee. and was ordained priest the following year. His next work — the first volume of his Essai siir Vlndifference en mnlirre de reiifiion (1818)- — made liis name famous throughout Eu- rope. The second volume (1820) was occupied with the difficult problems of the theory of knowledge, and put forward his doctrine of the communits mnsus as the only secure criterion of truth. He expanded his system at greater length in two succeeding volumes (1821-23), and put forward a Uffenne de I'essai sur ('indiffe- rence (1822) against an opposition of increasing violence, in which his old Seminary of Saint Sulpiee and most of the French bishops joined. He turned from these controversies to equally convinced and eager public action. With Cha- teaubriand he defended absolute monarchy in the Cunservateur of 181S-20; in the Defenxriir, the Drupeau Blntic, and the Quiitidienne he stood with the e.vlreme Royalists. He attacked the re- mains of the Galliean spirit in the clergy, and criticised the University of Paris, the religious Orders, and the bishops with a bitterness that did no good. On his visit to Koine in 1824 his friendly reception by Pope Leo XII. gave rise to the rumor that he was to be made a cardinal; but Lamennais soon alienated the P<)i)e as well as the bishops of France by endeavoring to reconcile jiolitical libeity with ecclesiastical absolutism. L poll the accession of Louis Philippe, Lamen- nais, with Lacordaire and Montalembert, estab- lished a journal called L'Arenir, which boldly de- manded liberty of conscience, of education, of the press, free intercourse with Rome, abstinence fiom Government interference in ei)iscopal elec- tions. The paper grew powerful, and the Govern- ment, which had laughed at it, now threatened it. Lamennais and Lacordaire were |)rosecuted, and the former threw himself more ardently into opposition. In 1832, after some of his writings had been censured by a synod of Southern French bishops at Toulouse, the Papal eneyclicnl .Uirari Vos was accompanied by a jiersonal letter from Cardinal Pacca which warned him to be more sub- missive. In obedience to the Poi)e, he suspended the publication of [/Arenir, and (irofessed sub- mission, which. however, he showed in his letters and anonymous articles was far from being thor- ough, and on Xovember n. 1833. lie spoke out un- mistakably in a letter addressed to the Pope but published at the same time, which made an unequivocal claim to the right of perfect freedom of thought and expression in matters purely political and secular. However, when an answer came from Rome re(|uiring an uncondi- tional submission to the teaching of the encycli- cal, he finally yielded to the entreaties of his brother and the Archbishop of Paris, and on De- ceniber 11th signed the required formula. X^'one the less, he took occasion to make it known that he had submitted merely for the sake of peace. It became abundantly clcgr, in fact, that La- mennais was, drifting further away from his old faith, when in May. 1834. he published Paroles d'lin crofiant — in Guizot's phrase, "the words of a believer who has lost his faith." It was noth- ing less than a formal declaration of war against mimarchy and Pajiacy at once, preaching revolu- tion as a sacred duty, and looking to the emer- gence of a new civil society and a new Christian- ity. Various governments suppressed the book as fast as it was translated : and the Pope con- demned it in the encyclical iiingulari .Yos of July 15, 1.S34. Lamennais's defen.se ajipeared under the title Affaires de Home (2 vols., 183G) preach- ing a combination of deism and democracy as the religion of the future. For Le pays et le youvernemeni (1840) he was condemned as sedi- tious and punished by a year's imprisonment