Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/792

* LAMBERT. 718 LAMBERVILLE. LAMBERT, liim'bert, JoilANN Heinrich (17JS1777). A (a'lnian philoisopher, astronomer, and matheuiatioijMi, Ijorn at Miilliausen, in Al- sace, lie was the son of a poor tailor, and ob- tained his ediK-ation by his own exertions. At sixteen years of age he discovered, in computa- tions for the comet of 1744. the so-called 'J>am- bert's theorem.' In 1740 he was made secretary to the iiliiloso])her Iselin in ISasel, and two years later he became tutor in the family of Count .Salis at (.'hur. In 17.50 he began extendecl travels with his pu])ils, and thus made the ac(|uaintancc of many learned men. Three years later he was nuide professor in the Jlunich Academy, and in 170.5 lie became a member of the Acaclemy of Berlin. He wrote extensively on various subjects. His philosophical studies at first claimed the interest of Kant, with whom he corresponded. His Xcitcs Organon (1704), in particular, sought the estab- lishment of a philoso])hical system which, bj- its investigation of the theory of knowledge, or the pov.er of the understanding to recognize trutli, was to supplant the current method of '(j1II'. The expectations thus aroused were disappointed by his Antai/e zur Architekloiiik (1771). which, though it post-dated Kant's dissertation De Mundi Sensibilts et Intelligibilis I'onnti el I'riii- eipiis (1770), adhered to the old scheme of on- tology. In physics he was the founder of photometry, pyrometry. and hygrometiy. In astronomy he was the author of views held to- day concerning the nature of the fixed stars, especially the Milky Way. His contributions to mathematics were the series which bears his name, the conception of the hyperbolic function, and the demonstration of the inconmiensurability of TT. Parts of his works served as starting- points for Lagrange and Gauss. His ])riiicipai works are the following: Die frcie I'rrsix^clice (Oernian and French. 1759; 2d ed. 1774); Jie- schreiltiiiHi iiiid (lebruiicli der l(i(iiii''ilhmiseheu Iteichcntufeln (1701 and 1772); Reilriige ziun Gebrauchc der Mathematik (3 vols., 1705, 1770, 1772) ; Kurzgcfa/iste Rer/cln zu pempektivischen Zeichungen (1708 and 1770); Zumtze zu den logarithmischcn uiul triyonometrisehen Tabellen (1770). Consult: Iluher, ,/o/irniH Ilchirieh Jjom- bert nach seinem Leben nnd M'irken ( Basel, 1829), wliieh contains a list of his writings; Lepsius. J(>lt(nin Heinrich Lfiiniierl. rinr Darstel- luiig seiner kosinolugisehen iind philoKopliis'chen Leistuiigen (Munich. 1881); Ruilio, Archimedes, Buiigcns. Lumberl und Legcndre (l^'i])zig. 1892) ; and Baensch. Lamberts: Philosophic nnd seine Stelhing zu Kant (Tubingen, 1902). LAM'BERT, .Tohn (1619-8.'?). An English l^ailiauirnlarv general. He was born at Kirkby Malhani in Yorkshire, September 7, 1019; was educated for the law, but on the outbreak of the Civil War became a captain under Fair- fax. He fought with conspicuous bravery at Marston Jloor. at Xaseby. in Scotland, and at Worcester, but did not acquire im|)ortance till after the death of the great Protector, wlien he became the head of the cabal of malcontent offi- cers who overthrew the feeble administration of Richard Cromwell. Laml)ert, as the leader of the Fifth Monarchy or extreme republican party, sup- pressed with considerable vigor the Royalist in- surrection in Clieshire. .August. 1059; and two months .Tftcrwnrds, dismissing the renniant of the Rump Parliament, virtually governed the country along with his officers, under the title of the ■Committee of Safety.' For a brief period his jiosition was considered so important that Charles 11. was ;ulviscd to make terms with him by marrying his daugliter. The couiilcrplot of -Monk, however, frustrated his designs, and on -Vpril 22, 1000, he was taken prisoner l)y Colonel IngohUby. tried in 1002, and banished to the Isle of tJucrnsey. On the discovery of a plot for his escape in I(i(i7, he was sent to Drake's Island, Pl.'iinoulh Sound, where he died in 1083. He was a capable general, distinguished liy personal brav- ery and ch'mency to his np|ioiicnts. and was familiarly called 'Honest John Lambert' by his associates. LAMBERT, .loiix (c.1775-?). .An English traveler, who sojourned in North America ( 18li- 09). His scheme of introducing hemp culture into tiie British colonies was not a success; but his explor:tions of "those parts rendered inter- esting by the glories of a Wolfe and a Washing- ton" were more fortunate, and his book. Travels Through Loieer Canada and the United Stales of orlh America in the Years ISOd, /.S'flT. and lSOt< (3 vols., 1810), is particularly broad-mind- ed in tone. Lambert also eililed Washington Irving's Essays (2 vols., 1811), with a lengthy preface. LAM'BERTVILLE. A city in Hunterdon County, N. J., 10 miles northwest of Treiit(jn; on the Delaware River, the Delaware and Rarl- tan Canal, and the Pennsylvania Railroad (.Map: New Jersey, C 3). It has good water-power, and large spoke-works, rubber-mills, pajier-mills. stone-quarries, foundry and machine shops, and flouringniills. There is a ])ublic library. First incorjiurated in 1S49, Lambertville is now gov- erned under a charter of 1874, which ju'ovides for a mayor, elected every two years, and a com- mon council. Population, in 1890. 4142; in 1900, 40:!7. LAMBERT VON HERSFELD, liim'bfrt fAn hers'felt ( 'J-e.lOSS). A German historian of the eleventh century, born probably in Tliuringia. Having received a superior education, he ent<'red the iJeneilictine monastery at Hersfeld in 10.58. in the same year was ordained priest, and made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. His reputation as one of the best media>val writers is based upon his principal work, the .1 HH(//rN, first juinl- ed in 1525 (new ed. Hanover. 1874; trans, into German by Hesse, Leipzig. 2d ed. 1893). a history of the world from the earliest times to 1077. only the period from 1039 on, however, .showing an independent treatment in giving a comprehensive and well-arranged account of contemporaneous events, told with great clearness and grace of style. . admirer and stanch adherent of Pope Gregory VI 1., he did not spare Henry 1'. He was also till' author of Carmen de Hello Saxonieo, edited by Pannenborg (Giittingen. 1892). Con- sult Eigcnbrodt, Lambert von Hersfeld und die neuere Qnilleiiforsehiing (Cassel, 1890). LAMBERVILLE, liiN'bnr'vfd', -Jean nE ( ?- 1099). . French .Jesuit missionary to the Iro- quois Indians of Xorth America. He settled at Onondaga, their chief village, in 1071, having by that time been about three years in Canada, and he became a powerful agent for keeping his sav- age flock friendly to the French. By extending his induence to the neighboring Senecas, he was enabled to frustrate the designs of Governnr Don- gan of Xew York, who strove to hold the Iroquois