Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/785

* LAMAISM. 711 LAMAR. two great collections: (1) The canon or sacred books, called bKult-'yi/ur or Kungyyur, the trans- lated commands, or words of the Buddha, ren- dered from the Indian texts, or in a few instances from the Chinese. (2) The commentary bs-Tan- 'yyur or Tiih-yyur, which is encyclopa-dic in its character. The canon, or Kang-gyur, contains no fewer than 1083 works, which in some editions (ill 100 or 108 volumes of about 1000 pages each. It comprises the following sections: (a) Dul-ia (Sanskrit Vin(iyn), discipline; (b) DO (Skt. Hutru). sermons of the Buddhas; (c) Ch'os-non- pa (Skt. Ahhidharmii), philosophy, including H'er-p'i/in (Skt. Prajnu PdramHi'i), or metaphy- sics. There are also minor subdivisions contain- ing details as to doctrine, including Nirvana (.ly<i-ii(ui-l(is-'(las-pa), ethics, ritual, and the like. The commentaiy literature. Tiih-yyur, is very voluminous and comprehensive, some 225 volumes in folio, but it has not the canonical authority of the other collection. Bibliography. The best work on I.amaism is by Waddell, The Buddhism of Tibet, or Lamaism (London. 1895). Consult, likewise, Kiipijen, Die himaisclic Hierarchic und Kirche, which forms vol. ii. of Koppen, Die Keliyion des Buddha (Berlin, 1857-59); Schlagintweit, Buddhism in Tibet (London, 1868) ; Csoma de KiJros, Die lamaische Uierarchie (Berlin. 1859) ; Rockhill. The Life of the Buddha and the Early History of Ilix Order, from Tibetan Works (London, 1884). See also the article Btjddhism and its bibliog- raphy. LAMA-MI AO, lii'ma-ml-ou' (Mong. Dolon- nor) . An important commercial town in the southeast of Mongolia, situated at an altitude of about 4000 feet, about 150 miles north of Peking (Map; China, E 2). It is one of the centres of the Chinese-Mongolian trade, and is especially noted for its statues of bronze, copper, and iron, gongs, vases, and other religious objects, which are exported in large quantities to Bud- dhist countries. Manufactures and agricultnral products from China are exchanged here for ani- mals. There are two extensive monasteries in the Mongolian part of the town. Population, estimated at .30,000. LAMANSKY, la-man'ski, Vladimir Ivano- viTcir (ls:i3 — ). A Russian philosopher and writer, born and educated in Saint Petersburg. He was professor of Slavic literature in the university of that city in 1865-90. and founded the review Zivaja Starina in 1800. His publica- tions include: The ,Slars in Asia Minor. Africa, and Spain (1859): .S'crria and the tilavs of Southern Austria (lStJ4); Historical Study of the Craeo-Star World (1871); The Somis of Soutjiern Russia (1875); Czech Literature (1S7S): and The Language and Literature of the Htilyit with coal-mining and lumbering interests. There is a trade in flour. Population, in 1890. 2860: in 1900. 2737. LAMAR, .last (1778-1830). A South .Ameri- can general, born at Cuenca in what is now Ecuador. His early life was spent in Spain, where he fought against France; in 1815 he was sent to Peru in command of the Spanish army, from which he resigned after the surrender of Callao Castle (1821), to enter the Republican army. He commanded the Peruvian troops at Ayacucho (1824), and in 1827 was elected to the Presidency of Peru. In 1828 he provoked a war with Colombia, and in 1829 was defeated by Sucre, the late President of Bolivia, who com- manded the Colombian forces at Cuenca. He was deposed a few months afterwards, and died in exile. LAMAR, Lucius Quintus Cinxixxatus (1797-1834). An American jurist, born at Eaton- ton, Ga., of French Huguenot descent. He was educated at Milledgeville, Ga., and studied law at Litchfield, Comi. Returning to his native State, he was admitted to the bar in 1819, and rapidly won distinction in his profession. He revised several legal treatises, became widely known for his legal learning, and in 1821 was crmmissioned by the State Legislature to make a compilation of The Laws of (leorqia from IHll to 1819 (1821). In 18.30 he was elected to suc- ceed Thomas V. Cobb as a judge of the Georgia Supreme Court, and remained upon the bench iintil his death. LAMAR, Lucius Quintus Cincixnatus (1825-93). An American lawyer and legislator, son of the preceding. He was born in Putnam County, Ga. ; graduated at Emory College ( Ox- ford, Ga.) in 1845; studied law at Macon in the office of A. H. Chappell, and was admitted to the bar in 1847. In 1849 he removed to Oxford, Miss., where, besides practicing law, he was adjunct professor of mathematics in the Uni- versity of Mississippi from 1850 to 18.52, when he removed to Covington, Ga. He was elected to the Georgia Legislature in 1853, and re- turned to Mississippi in 1855. In 18.57 he was elected to Congress, and in 1859 he was re- elected. In December, 1860, he resigned to take part in the Secessionist movement in his State. He was a member of the Charleston Con- tention of i860, before which he made a stirring speech, and of the ilississippi Convention which, on .Ianuai-- 9, 1861, pa.^sed the ordinance of se- cession, which he himself had drafted and pre- sented. In Jlay he was chosen lieutenant-colonel of the first regiment raised in Jlississippi for service 'during the war.' He l"d his regiment at Yorktown and Williamsburg, but resigned from active service in October. 1862, and early in the following year was sent to Europe as special commissioner of the Confederate States to the Russian Empire. He did not proceed to his post, however, and, his commission not oeing confirmed by the Confederate Senate, he returned to America early in 18G4. after having spent some months in London and Paris. From De- cember, 1864, until the close of the war, he served as judge-advocate of the military court of the Third Army Corps, with the rank of colonel. He was professor of ethics and njeta- physics at the University of ^Mississippi — a chair which he had held for a short time in 1860-61 — in 1866 and 1867, and of law from 1867 to 1870; was a member of Congress from 1873 to 1877, and of the United States Senate from 1877 to 1885; was Secretary of the Interior in Presi- dent Cleveland's Cabinet from 1885 to 1888, and was an associate justice of the L'nited States