Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/780

* LAKES. 706 LAKEWOOD. cochineal decoction containini; alum or stannous chloride, is of a beautiful scarlet color. Accord- ing to the place where it has been luaiuifac- tured, carmine lake is named Chinese. Florentine, llamburj,', Koman, or Venetian. Madder take, wliieli is also of a bright red color, is made by dissolvinj; the extract of madder or garancine in anunonia and then precipitating with alum or stannous chloride. It is also known as liquid madder lake, maroon lake, or rubric lake. Brazilwood yields a coloring matter which, when tieated similarly to the foregoing, produces a purplish red lake. Log-wood yields a lake which is of a violet color. Addition of gjpsum or kao- lin to the Brazil-wood lake yields the so-called 'rose-pink lake.' Persian berries and quercitron yield yidlow hikes, that from quercitron l)cing sometimes called Dutch pink. JIadder lake has been largely superseded by the alizarine red lake, which may be prepared by dissolving commercial alizarine in an aqueous solution of caustic soda, which is then treated with a solution of alum containing a small quantity of calcium cliloride. Variations in color may be prodiced by adding the purpurines. The various lakes yielded l)y the coal-tar colors find extensive applieaticm in the arts, for paper-staining, in printing, in lithog- raphy, in general decorative painting, in calico- printing and silk-dj'eing, and in preparing colored varnislies for ornamental metal surfaces, wood, leather, glass, etc. For detailed information, con- sult the authorities referred to under Dyeing and Coal-Tar Colors (qq.v. ). LAKES, Law of. The courts of England have rarely been called ujxjn to expound the rules of the common law upon this topic, and systc- ir.atic writers upon law in that country have not essayed the task of stating them. In 1878, however, the House of Lords was forced to con- sider the subject in two cases which went to that tribunal from Ireland and Scotland rcspectivelv. The Irish case involved the right of fishery in Lough Xeagh. an inland lake covering nearly a hundred thousand acres. It was held that the Crown lias not, of common right, title to the soil underneath such a lake, nor to the rights of fish- ery therein. It appears to have been assumed by all the law lords who delivered opinions in the case that when a lake is wholly surrounded by the land of a single owner, the entire lake is in- cluded in his estate. They left undecided, how- ever, the question whether, in the case of several riparian owners unon sTich a lake, each was en- titled to the soil nsqiiam ad filum aqua: The Scotch case brought out the fact that the law of Scotland gave just that right to the several riparian owners upon Scotch lakes, and this right was recognized by the House of Lords, although it was decided (also in accordance with Scotch law) that the rights of boating, fishing, and fowling were hold by the various riparian owTiers in common. In the L^nited States the legal principles ap- plicable to inland lakes have received frequent and exhaustive consideration from our courts. With respect to the Great Lakes, such as On- tario, Erie, and Michigan, the decisions of the courts have been uniformly based upon the theory that they are public waters. The land beneath them is owned by the State in trust for the public purposes of navigation and fishing, a trust which it cannot abdicate in favor of indi- viduals or corporations. Indeed, for certain pur- poses, these lakes have been deemed high seas (q.v.). The rules laid down by our State courts rela- tive to other lakes are far from uniform. They are fairly divisilile into three classes. In a few States, having only small lakts, which are not within the common-law delinition of navigable waters, the courts have declared that thrse liodies of water are subject to the rules governing non- navigable streams. The soil is private property, as are the rights of fishing, fowling, and boating upon the waters. In Jlassachusetts and Maine the law upon this subject has l)een determined largely by early colonial ordinances, which retained the ownership of lakes and ponds con- taining more than ten acres in the Stale. Ac- cordingly the common-law rules governing public w.aters apply to them. The soil beneath them, the use of the water, and the rights of fishing, fowling, and boating thereon are subject to State ownership and control. The third class of rules were first enunciated by the courts of New York, but have been adopted with some modifications by most of the States. According to these rules, lakes wholly within the territory of a single State are divided into two classes, those which are not navigable in fact, and those which are. The first class are subject to private ownership, and in ease of several riparian owners, each owns to the middle of the lake; that is, the boun- dary lines of his adjoining tract extend from the shore or meander line (m lines converging to a point in the centre of the lake. Lakes of the second class follow the same rule so far as the lake bed is concerned, but the State is entitled to control all rights of navigation, fishing, and fowl- ing thereon. This power of control is in the nature of a trust for all its citizens. In some States the soil, as well as the control of the surface, of lakes navigable in fact, belongs to the State. Such, too, is the rule applied in New York and Vermont to Lake Champlain. Consult Gould. Treritise on the Ijaw nf ^Vaters, Includ- in;i liipnrian Rirjhts (Chicago, 1!pOO). LAKE SALNT CLAIR. See Saint Clair, Lake. LAKE SALMON. The namaycush, or lake trout. LAKE SCHOOL. The name which the Edm- liurgh Rcvieio gave to a grouji of ]ioets — Words- worth. Coleridge, and Southcy — who, at the be- ginning of the nineteenth century, lived by the English lakes in Cumberland and Westmoreland. LAKE SHEEPSHEAD. The river dnimfish. See Drum. LAKE STATE. Michigan. See States, Popular Xame.s of. LAKE STURGEON. The common sturgeon of the lakes and large rivers of the Middle West- ern States. See Sturgeon. LAKE TROtTT. See Namaycush; Trout. LAKE'WOOD. A famous health and pleasure resort in Ocean County. N. ,T.. ."jO miles south by west of New Y'ork ; on the Central Railroad of New .Jersey ( Map : New Jersey, D 3 ) . It is sur- rounded by an extensive forest of pines, in which are se'eral fine lakes, is ^^'lu)lly irve from ma- laria, and its bracing air and comparatively mild climate attract thousands of persons during the spring and winter. There are several fine hotels and many eottaccs that are owned bv annual visitors. Population of township, in 1900, 3094.