Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/78

* IVORY-CARVING. busts or statuettes of mythological or Christian subject. Consult: W'yatl, Xoticcs of >Sculpture in Ivory (London, 18o(i) ; Maskell, Irories, Ancient and Midiwial (ib., 1875) ; Graeven, Friihchrist- liihc mid mitteUilterliche Elfenbeinwerke (Vien- na, 1901). IVORY COAST. A French possession in Vest Atriia, hounded on the north by the French Colony of Seni'^ral and the French Military Ter- ritories (about parallel 10° X.|, on the east by the Hritisli Gold Coast, on the south by the Gulf of Guinea, and on the west by Lil)eria. The lengtli of shoreline is aliout 400 miles, with Cape Pal- mas on the west. The area is estimated at 12o,;j0ll square miles. The coast is flat, and bordered in the easti'rn part along the gulf by lagoons, of which the Grand Laliou, the Grand Uassani. and the Assini are the largest. The only good approach for ships is at the mouth of the Komoe. The coast strip is generally about 35 miles wide. The plateau of the interior is covered to a large extent with impassalde forests — the chief mate- rial resource of the colony, and at the same time the most formidalilc obstacle in the way of ex- ploration and (Uvciopment. The forest region is interspersed with large stretches of savannas, which characterize especially the Baulc district. The country becomes gradually higher through the Kong territory, being highest in the Mina, the region of the northern boundary. The Caval- ly River forms the western boundary. The Ban- dama, Sassandra, Songan, and Tanno are the other rivers, none of them of much conunercial value. The climate is generally hot and unhealthful. The year is divided into four seasons. The main rainy season lasts from ilarch to .July, with a mean temperature of nearly 82° F. ; a short dry season continues through August and September, with a mean temperature of 70° : during October and >>"ovemlx>r there are rains again, and a rise in the average temperature to over 81°; in De- cember the hot and dry season sets in. with a mean temperature of over 82°. The vegetation is exceedingly rich, and the forests abound with coflfcp and resinous plants, oil-palms, and dye- woods. The chief jiroducts of the colony arc palm oil and kernels, mahogany, and ruliber. Ivory and gold-dust are also exported. The natives cultivate corn and rice. Coffee cultivation promises to be important. The commerce has increased re- markablv during the last few vears. having risen from $.538,480 in 1890 to .$3,311,000 in 1900. the exports for the latter year amounting to $1,358,- 396. Only a small portion of the trade is with France. Grand Bassam and Grand Lahou arc the chief commercial points, the former having direct communication with France. The colony is administered by a Governor, assisted by an administrative coimcil. The local Government is under the Governor-General of French West Af- rica (q.v.). The eolonv is divided into fourteen circles. The budget balanced in 1901 at $368,244. and the colony is self-supporting. The seat of administration is Bingerville, formerly called Adjame. OfTicial estimates place the popiilation at 2,2.'j0.000. The, chief tribes on the coast are the .^poUonians and the Los. The tribes of the forest region are on a very low plane of civiliza- tion, cannibalism being practiced in some parts. French occupation of the Ivory Coast dates from 1842. Forts were then established at Grand %2 IVY. Bassam, Assini, and Ualu. They were evacuated in 1870, and reoccupied in 1885, when the ex- ploration of the interior was begun. As a result of Captain Binger's expedition during 1885-87, a considerable part of the interior came under the protectorate of France, and with the con- quest of Samort's domains after a five years' resistance French supremacy became practically established over the entire country. Consult: Wahl, Xouvvlle yioijrnphic gin^rale dc la France et les colonies (Paris, 1901) ; Petit, Les colonies frunf^aises (Paris, 1901). IVORY-SHELL. .V gastro|)od of the genus Eburna. so called from its white, solid, smooth sliell. The epidermis is usually wanting. The while shell is sometimes spotted with dark red, and the animal is spotted like the shell. The species inhabit the Red Sea and Indian t)cean, as well as the coasts of the Cape of Good Hope, Japan, China, and .ustralia. IVREA, e-vra'a. A city in the Province of Turin, Italy, 38 miles north of the city of Turin, on the left bank of the Dora Baltea, which is crossed here by a Roman bridge (Map: Italy, B 2 ). It has an extensive castle, now used as a prison, and a cathedral (often restored), a semi- nary, a lyceum, and a gvinnasium. It is the seat of a bishop. Ivrca markets wine, grain, and fruit, spins silk and weaves cotton, and has iron- works and dye-works. The ancient Kporedia was colonized by the Romans in B.C. 100, to command the roads over the Great and Little Saint Ber- nard, The town was the capital of the Mar- graviate of Ivrea which Charlemagne substituted for the Lombard Duchy. The margraves of Ivrca, Berengar II., his son, Adalbert II., and Arduin of Ivrea, were raised to the Italian throne. The last was finally obliged to yield before Henry II., who in 1019 annexed the margraviate to the Em- pire. In 1248 Ivrea was given as a fief to Count Thomas of Savoy, to whose posterity it de- scended. The French captured the town in 1554, 1041, and 1704. From 1800 to 1814 it was the capital of the French Department of Doire ( Ital. DoraK Population (commune), in 1881, 10,413; in 1901. 11.528. IVRY-LA-BATAILLE, f'vre' li ba'tl'y'. A village of France in the Department of Eure. on the river Eure, 40 miles west of Paris (ilap: France, J 3). It is noted as the scene of the great victory of Henry IV. of Xavarre, ilarch 14, 1590, over the Duke of Mayenne, which has been commemorated by an obelisk as well as by ita name. La iiataillc. It has manufactures of paints, billiard-balls, and musical instruments. Population, in 1901, 1034. IVRY-SXJR-SEINE, sur-sftn', A manufac- turing town of France, in the Department of Seine, on the left bank of the river of that name, one mile above Paris (Map: Paris and Vicinity). It lies just outsi<le the fortifications of Paris, and its own forts form part of the defenses of the capital. It has increased rapidly in popu- lation and importance during the last two dec- ades, owing to its nunierous industrial establish- ments, among others the great workshops of the Orleans Railroad. Its principal manufactures are musical instruments, soap, and chemical prod- ucts. Population, in 1901, 2S,.585. IVY (AS. ifiq, OHG. eharvi, ehah, ehaheiH, Ger, Epheu, of uncertain origin). A name ap-