Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/75

 subdued. Consult: Pierling, Rome et Moscou, (1547-79) (Paris. 1883); id., Un nonce du Pape en Moscovie (Paris, 1884). See.

I'VANHOE. A novel by Sir Walter Scott (1819) and the name of the hero. The scene is England in the time of Richard I.

IVAN IVANOVITCH. e-van' e-vii'nd-vtch (Russ., John Johnson). A fictitious personage typical of Russian character, as Brother Jonathan and Uncle Sam are of the people of the United States, and John Bull of the English. See.

IVANOVO-VOZNESENSK. e-va'no-vo vaz'- nye-svensk'. A manufacturing town of Russia, in the Government of Vladimir, situated on the river Uvod, 82 miles by rail north of Vladimir (Map: Russia, F .3.). It consists of the village of Ivanovo on the right bank of the river, and Voznesensk on the left bank, incorporated in 1871 as the town of Ivanovo-Voznesensk. It is an important centre of the Russian cotton manufacture, which gives employment to a great part of the inhabitants, not only of the town, but also of the surrounding district. There are also large cotton-printing establishments in the town. The annual production exceeds $5,000,000. Ivanovo-Voznesensk is connected by a branch line with the Moscow and Nizhni-Novgorod Railway. Population, in 1897, 53,900. Peter the Great established here the first cloth-weaving mill under foreign management.

IVES, (1797-1867). An American theologian. He was born at Meriden. Conn.; was brought up on his father's farm in Turin, N.Y.; served during the first year of the War of 1812, and studied at Hamilton College; but in 1819 left the Presbyterian for the Episcopal Church, and after study in New York was ordained in 1823. He preached at Trinity Church, Philadelphia, from 1823 to 1827; at Christ Church, Lancaster, Pa., in 1827; and in Christ Church, New York, until 1831, when he became Bishop of North Carolina. There his Tractarian views brought him into trouble; he recanted, but again embraced them; and was declared deposed by his act of submission to the Pope in 1852. His apologia, The Trials of a Mind in Its Progress to Catholicism, was published in 1854. Ives became professor in Saint Joseph's Seminary, and was prominent in the charitable work of the Catholic Church.

IVIZA, or 'IBIZA, e'u^-tha. The larger of the two Pityusae Isles of the Balearic group, belonging to Spain (Map: Spain. F 3). It is situated about 60 miles from the mainland and 56 miles southwest of the island of Majorca. Area, about 230 square miles. The island is mountainous and well wooded, with fertile valleys. The principal industry is the production of salt by the evaporation of sea-water led into large shallow lagoons. The population was 23,648 in 1900. The chief town, Iviza, on the southeastern coast, has a fair harbor, and a large trade in salt, of which it exports 80,000 tons annually. Population, in 1900, 6404.

IVO OF CHARTRES, shar'tr', (c.1040-1116). A mediæval Churchman. Bishop of Chartres, sometimes called Yvo Carnotensis. He was born in Beauvais, studied at Bee. rose to the provostship of the Canonry of Saint Quentin in Beauvais. and in 1090 was consecrated Bishop

of Chartres by Pope Urban II. He died at Chartres, December 23, 1116. Ivo is one of the heroic figures in French mediseval history, ap- pearing now as the dauntless opponent of royal injustice, and now as the equally determined foe to clerical wrongdoing. In Urban II. and his successor, Paschal II., he had warm friends and protectors. He figures in the great investiture controversy of his time as one of the mediating and mollifying forces, endeavoring to see that both Church and State were properly treated. (See iNVEsriTURE.) He compiled a collection of canon law which is one of the most important precedents to Gratian's. His letters are one of the sources for the history of his time; a French translation was published at Chartres, 1885. His works are in Migne. Patrol. Lat., clxi., clxii.

IVORY (OF. ivurie, ii-oire, Fr. ivoire. It. avario, ML. ebureum, from Lat. ebur, ivory, from Egypt, abu, ab, Copt, ebou, ebu, elephant). The name formerly given to the main substance of the teeth of all animals, but it is now restricted to that modification of dentine or tooth-substance which in transverse sections shows lines of different colors running in circular arcs, and forming by their decussation minute lozenge-shaped spaces. By this character, which is represented by every portion of any transverse section of an elephant's tusk, true ivory may be distinguished from every other kind of tooth-substance, and from every counterfeit, whetlier derived from tooth or bone. Although no other teeth, except those of the elephant, present this characteristic, many other animals, such as the walrus, narwhal, and hippopotamus, possess teeth, horns, or tusks which, from their large size and from their density, can be used for the same purpose in the arts as those for which true ivory is employed. In the case of the elephant the tusk is formed by the prolongation of the upper incisor, while the' tusk of the hippopotamus and other animals is a prolonged canine. Perhaps with the ancients 'ivory' was used in the broader sense, for Pliny tells us that in Ethiopia ivory was .so plentiful that it was used for door-posts, fences, and cattle-stalls. The ivory of the tusks of the African elephant is held in the highest estimation by the manufacturer, on account of its greater density and whiteness. The tusks are yellow or brown on the outside, but inside are snowy white. The tusks are of all sizes, from a few ounces in weight to more than 100 pounds each. Russia obtains large quantities from the tusks of fossil elephants. This product, called fossil ivory, is composed of calcium phosphate, 64; organic matter. 24; water, 11.15; calcium carbonate, 0.10. There are various chemical processes by which it may be dyed various colors, as black, blue, green, yellow, red. and violet. Ivory articles can be made flexible and semi-transparent by immersion in a solution of phosphoric acid of specific gravity 1.130. till they become translucent. They are then to be taken out, washed with water, and dried with a soft cloth, when they are found to be as flexible as leather. They harden on exposure to dry air, but resume their pliancy when immersed in hot water. The opacity and elasticity of old ivory may sometimes be restored by boiling it in gelatin, but no satisfactory method for restoring its whiteness has yet been discovered.

The tusks of the elephant have from very early periods constituted an important article of trade. XI.— 5.