Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/74

* ITJKA. coeducational normal institute. Population, in IS'JO, lUl'.l; in 1900, 882. On Sept^mlwT 19. 1802, during the Civil War, it was the scene of a battle between a Federal force of about 10.000 under General Kosecrans and a Confederate force of about 12,000 under (Jeneral Price, the latter retreatin>? durinj; the nifrht. though neither side gained any decisive advantairc The Federal ios~ in killed, wounded. an<l niissing was between 7nO and 800, and the Confederate loss was about the same. lUliUS. The son of -Eneas, also called As- canius. According to some, the son of Ascanius bore the name of lulus. I'VAN, fltiss. pron. f-van' (Russ., .John). The name vf a number of Russian Czars, of whom the most notable were the third and fourth of the name.— lv.x III., the Great ( 1440-1. 50.t), succeeded his father, Vasili the Blind, in 1402, as Grand Prince of Muscovy, a title of pre- cedence that had been admitted by several of the Russian provinces and recognized by the Khan of the Golden Horde, through Avhose fa- vor Moscow had risen to power. In spite of two centuries of struggle with jealous neigh- bors, it was .still a precarious power when Ivan succeeded to the sovereignty. One fruitful cause of Russian weakness had been the division of territories. Ivan successfully undertook to bring back under one sway the divided posses- sions of his house. In 1472 he married Sophia Palipologus, niece of the last Byzantine Em- peror, and she "taught him to penetrate the secrets of autocracy." From this time the double ImjK'rial eagle of Byzantium took its place in the Russian arms, and Russia claimed to be the legitimate successor of Constantinople as head of the Eastern Empire and the Greek Church. Ivan forced to submit to his supremacy th^ rival princes of Tver. Yaroslav, Riazan, and Rostov, and the republics of Novgorod the Great and Viatka. With Russia well consolidated, Ivan •was powerful enough to throw off the Tatar yoke, which had rested upon Russia for nearly two centuries and a half. Ivan then turm^l against Poland and Lithuania, the great rivals of Russiii on the west, and waged two indecisive ■wars, which resulted, nevertheless, in reuniting to Russia some of its ancient territory. Ivan opened diplomatic relations with other European countries, sending envoys to the Emperor, to Hungary, Denmark, Sweden, the Pope, and the Sultan. He died in 1.505, and was succeeded by his son Vasili for Basil). " Ivan IV., the Terrible ( 1.530-84), son of Vasili, ■was three years of age when his father died, his mother. Helena Glinski. being left as regent. She died in 1538. and the Government fell into the hands of the turbiilent boyars. the chief of whom had been sovereign princes before they were re- duced to submission and made Muscovite covir- tiers by Ivan's immediate predecessors. These carried affairs with a high hand until 1.543. when Ivan, under the influence of the Metropolitan, !Macarivis, overthrew his tyrants and became the master in his o-n domains. In 1547 he took the title of Czar (q.v. ). His marriage with .Anas- tasia. of the House of Romanoff (q.v.). prepared the way for the greatness of that family, .fter the great fire of ]Ioscow and the ensuing revolt of the people in 1.547. Ivan, who had been violent and heedless of the responsibilities of govern- 58 IVAN. ment. took two new councilors, Silvester, a priest, and .dalchell". a man of the people, and radically changed his ways. The organization of the Gov- ernment was improved, the laws were codified, and various internal improvements were made. In 15.52 Kazan was conquered, and within a few years the last remnant of the Tatar power was gone, the conquest of .strakhan following close upon that of Kazan. The Cossacks (q.v.) of the IJon were brought under control in 1553. Eng- lish navigators, seeking a northwest passage through the Arctic Ocean, landed on the shores of the White Sea, fcmnd their way to the Court of the Czar, were well received, and carried back messages to England which led to the opening of diplomatic and trade relations between Rus- sia and En^iland. In 1558 Ivan made war on the Knights Sword-bearers, who held sway in Livonia and other Baltic regions. His forces were victorious, and Xarva, Dorpat, and many other towns fell into his hands. The Knights Sword-bearers obtained the support of Poland, to which power they ceded Livonia. In 1563 Ivan in person invaded Lithuania and took Po- lotsk, and in 1500 the Polish King, Sigismund Augustus, was forced to conclude a disadvanta- geous truce. About the time that Ivan entered upon these wars. Silvester and .Adateheff, who had been drawn into Court intrigues, were dis- graced and imprisoned. This led to plots against the Court on the part of their friends. Ivan took prompt measures to put down the rebellious boyars, but this was not accomplished without many executions and cruelties which have given to Ivan IV. liis well-known sobrii|uet. the Ter- rible. By 1572 he was master of his <lomiu- ions, and the indiscriminate executions ceased. The Krim Tatars, aided by the Turks, broke through the southern frontiers of the Muscovite territory in 1509, and in 1571 they advanced to the gates of Moscow. In the following year, however, they suffered a great defeat. Ivan stood twice as a candidate for the crown of Poland, the second time (1575) being defeated by Stephen Bathory (q.v.). Under this able King the Poles made war upon Russia, which had at the same time to contend against the armies of Sweden. In 1582 peace was arranged through the mediation of a Papal emissary. Ivan lost Polotsk and his conquests on the Baltic, from which Russia was destined to be shut out until the reign of Peter the Great. The event of most lasting influence in Ivan's reign was the beginning of the conquest of Siberia, under the Cossack Yer- mak. (See SiBEBi.*^: Yebmak Timofeveff.) Acts of cruelty, probably unsurpassej in history, are associated with Ivan's name. Upon the rebellious cities of Novgorod, Tver, and Moscow he wreaked the most sangninaiy vengeance, and in fits of passion he slaughtered those who were nearest to him. including his eldest son and heir (1581). These oiitbursts of homicidal fury were often suc- ceeded by moods of sincere repentance, and on more than one occasion the powerful Czar, of his own will, performed penance for his sins before his people. Notwithstanding his bloodthirsty na- ture this autocrat was not altogether without enlightened notions regarding government, and he exerted himself to raise the level of civili- zation among his people. Ivan was married seven times, his second wife being a Tatar princess. He died in 1584, leaving only two young sons as heirs of the turbulent realm liis severity had only half