Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/73

* ITUKBIDE. reside in Italy. He accordingly left llexico, spent the next year in Italy and England, and in May, 1824, sailed for Mexico from London, unaware that the Republican Government had outlawed him, and led by the representations of his par- tisans to believe that Mexico would rise in arms to welcome him. He landed at Soto la Marina, July 14th, but was immediately arrested, taken before the provincial congress of Tamaulipas, condenmed as a traitor by that bod}-, and shot in the public square of the town of Padilla, July 19th. The Mexican Government provided a pension for his wife, who resided for a number of years in Philadelphia. His grandson, Agustin, was adopted by the Emperor Maximilian as his heir, in 1804. A full account of Iturbide, w'ith descriptive lists of authorities cite-d. may be found in Bancroft, History of Mexico, vol. iv. (San Francisco, 1890). Iturbide's own State- ment of Some of the Principal Events in the Public Life of Agustin de Iturbide, translated by M. J. Quin, was published in London, 1824. See Mexico. ITURE'A AND THE I'TURE'ANS. A dis- trict and people of ancient Syria. In all prob- ability, in the Old Testament Jetur (Gen. xxv. 15; I. Chron. i. 31; v. 19) we have the first notice of the Itureans, frequently mentioned by the later historians of the Roman occupation of Syria. They were Arabians whose old home was to the northwest of Medina, but who, at a very early period, moved northward in search of new quarters. Some time before the Exile they came in conflict with Israelites east of the Jordan. Aristobulus I., King of Judea (B.C. 10.5-104), conquered certain bands who had settled in Galilee, and compelled them to accept circum- cision or leave the conquered territory (Jo- sephus. Ant., XIII., xi. 3). Other nearly con- temporary notices (e.g. Strabo, XVI., ii. 10) locate the centre of Iturean power in the Leba- nons. Here these warlike Arabians became an important element in the troubled politics of the first centuries B.C. Their first kno^l ruler was Ptolemy, son of Mennseus (c. 88-40 B.C.). His capital was Chalcis, in the Anti-Lebanon range. He controlled the valley between the Lebanons, and his influence extended nearly to Damascus. In B.C. 65 Ptolemy secured the leniency of Pom- pey by a payment of 1000 talents. In B.C. 40 he was succeeded by his son, Lysanias, whom Mark Antony confirmed in his position : afterwards (B.C. 3fi), at Cleopatra's instigation, he had him killed, and gave his dominions to the cruel and covetous Queert. The extensive domain was farmed out to several petty tetrarchs. Chalcis was later (A.n. 41) given to Herod, a grandson of Herod the Great. Another portion, with its capital at Abila (see Abilexe), was ruled by the Lysanias mentioned in Luke iii. 1. Another, south of this, was secured by Zenodonis, who se- cretly supported the robber bands of Trachonitis. Augustus, therefore, gave Trachonitis to Herod the Great to clear it of robbers, and on the death of Zenodorus his dominions were added lo Herod's kingdom. At HcTod's death (b.c. 4) they fell to his son Philip, who is called in Luke iii. 1 tetrarch of the Iturean region. Ultimately all of these tetrarchies were incorporated in the Province of Syria. The Itureans were warlike, famed as archers, and from the days of Ciesar many of them served in the Roman armies. 57 lUKA. Cicero accused ]Mark Antony of seeking to ter- rifj' the Senate with his Iturean guards (Phi- lippics, ii. 19, 112; xiii. 18), and cohorts of Iturean troops are frequently mentioned on the- inscriptions of the first and second centuries. Consult: Schiirer, History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ, Appendix to Div. I. (New York, 1896) ; G. A. Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy Land (New York, 1896).. ITURTJP, 6't;i-roop'. An island of Japan. See Etokofu. I'TTS (Lat., from Gk. "Irvt). In classical mythologj', the son of Tereus and Proene, killed b}' his mother, and served in a dish to his father.- ITZA, it'sa. An important people of Mayan stock, occupying the country about Lake Peten, in Northern Guatemala. Their dialect is the- JIaya proper. The ruined city of Chichen-Itzfi (q.v. ) in Yucatan takes its name from them, and, according to their own tradition, they removed thence on the breaking up of the Maya kingdom about 1420 and built a new city on an island in the lake. They were visited by Cortes in 1525, but maintained their independence until 1697, when their country was invaded by the Spaniards under Ursua, who stormed their island capital, slaughtering or driving into the lake great num- bers of their people, and lazing to the ground the twenty-one temple-s on the island. Among other spoils taken from the house of the King was a library of sacred books, written in hiero- glyphics upon bark fibre, and containing their historical traditions, calendars, and rituals, all of which were probably destroyed by the con- querors. ITZAMNA, it'sara-na'. The mythic culture hero of the Maya of Y'ucatan, who. according to their traditions, ruled over them as king at an early period, building cities, devising a code of laws, and inventing their calendar and hiero- glyphic system. He was also claimed as a teacher of agriculture, a miraculous healer, and the ruler of the winds and rains. His .shrine at Itzamal was a noted resort of pilgrims through- out the whole territory occupied by the tribes of Mayan stock. From the fact that he is said ta have come from the East, and from an analysis of his various titles, among which are 'Lord of the Eye of the Day,' 'Lord of the Wlicel of the Months,' etc., some scholars conclude that Itzam- na is a personification of light. ITZEHOE, e'tsc-ho. A towni in the Province of Schlcswig-Holstein. Prussia, situated on the Sliir, 32 miles noi-thwest of Hamburg (Jlap: Prussia, C 2). It contains a twelfth-century church, a Rathaus dating from 1695, and a home for the aged, founded in 1240. There are manu- factures of sugar, nets, Portland cement, soap, textiles, iron, chicoiy, and cigars. There is an extensive trade in cereals, cattle, lumber, and wine. Population, in 1890. 12.481; in 1900. 1.5.- 049. Itzehoe. the oldest city of Holstein. had ita origin in a castle erected at the time of Char- lemagne as a barrier against the Danes. The town received Liibeck rights in 1238, and was the residence of the counts of Holstein. ITIKA, 1 -fl'ka. A town and the coimtyseat of Tishomingo County, Miss., 114 miles east by south of Memphis. Tenn., on the Memphis and Charleston Railroad (Map: ^Mississippi. J 1). It is known for its mineral springs, and has a.