Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/702

* KWANG-SU. 638 KWAN-YIN. tion of much property, including the legations in Peking, uud the siege of the Ministers and many refugees in the British i^egation, necessitat- ing large Kuropean and American armies, who destroyed the Takii furts. and captured Tientsin and Peking, all of whielx was paid for by a large indemnity. Yet much progress has been made during the reign. The Mohammedan rebellion in the northwest was suppressed, and territory, lost to Cliina for a time, including Kulja, was recov- ered. Railways and telegraphs were intro,4.56 square miles are covered by moderately high mountains, the chief ridges of which — known as the Xanling and Mei- ling — extend along the northern boundary, form- ing the watershed between the rivers Siang and Kan, which How north to the Yangtse and the 'North' and "East" rivers, which have tlieir origin in Kiang-si and flow south, the former joining the "West Kiver' from Yunnan and Kwang-si at the town of Sam-sliui ('Three Rivers') to form the Chukiang, or Pearl River, on which Canton is situated, and the latter (lowing into the Chu, a little lower down. 8am-shui stands at the ai)ex of a great delta, which is intersected by numerous navigable branches and creeks of the West and Chu rivers, and forms the richest and most fer- tile part of the province. The other important river of the province is the llan, which rises in the mountains back of Fu-kien. and falls into the sea near Swatow (q.v.). The coast-line is much broken, and islands are numerous. The largest of these is Hainan (q.v.). Another of importance is Hong Kong ( q.v. ). There are two prominent peninsulas; that on the south, separated frofli Hainan by only a few miles, is called Lei-chow and forms a department of the same name: that on the southeast forms the Department of Kow-lun, .37t) square miles of which were leased to Great Britain in 1898 for ninety-nine j-ears. The province is rich geologically. Coal is found in three different sections. As now ntined it is of poor quality, but is much used by the natives, especially in the iron and steel works of Fatshan (q.v.j. Iron ore is found in twenty places, and silver-mines were worked at one time. The chief commercial products are silk and silk fabrics, which represent about 60 per cent, of the foreign exports; tea, cassia and cassia-buds, matting. In per cent, of the annual output being exported to New York : fire-crack- ers, palm-leaf fans, chinaware, and pottery, that of Shek-wan being the best. Ginger is widely grown, both on the liillsides and in fields, and a great 'preserving* industry is carried on at Can- ton, with large exports. Other noted preserves are 'chow-chow' (bamboo-shoots), pineapple, and kumquat. Other products are sugar, tobacco, galanpal. turmeric, betel-nuts, cocoanuts, agar- agar, and fragrant woods from Lei-chow and Hai- nan, China-root and star-aniseed, and various oils. The open ports of the province are Canton, Swatow, Sam-sliui, and Pakhoi. Kwang-chow- wan, opposite Hainan, was leased to France for ninety-nine years in IS'.IS, and declared a free port in 11102. .Macao (q.v.), some miles below Canton, is a Portuguese possession. The Canton- Hankow Railway line will traverse the province from south to north. The capital of the province i.s Kwang-!'how-fu, better known as Canton. Kwanglung early became known to Europeans. The Arab voyagers came as early as the tenth century; the Portuguese first arrived in 1;")17, and a British fleet of merchantmen sailed into the- Canton River in 1.")7. In ItiS-l was estab- lished the factory of the ICast India Comjiany. The population is about 30.000,000, which in- cludes about .3.000.000 Hakkas (q.v.), and a great many aborigines. KWANTO, kwiin'to' (Sinico-.Japanese, bar- rier-east). A name loosely applied to that por- tion of the main island of Japan whidi lies east of the Hakone Mountains, referring more par- ticularly to the llasshiu or Eight Provinces, which were assigned by llideyoslii to lyeyasil. At the end of the seventh century the 'barrier' lay farther west, in the vicinity of Kioto, and in those days the Kwanto meant the whole re- gion lying to the east of that. KWAN-TUNG> kwiln'tyng' (Chin., barrier- east). A name loosely applied to that part of the Chinese Empire which lies east of the 'bar- rier,' meaning more particularly the barrier of Shanhaikwan, where the great wall juts into the sea, but probably also to the l)arrier which is suppo.sed to divide Mongolia from Manchuria, and is commonly laid down on maps as 'pali- sades,' thcnigh no palisades exist. In this sense it would include the two provinces of Kirin and Shing-king, KWAN-YIN, kwiin'yen' (Chin., sound-re- garding, i.e. prayer-hearing, a translation of iSkt. avalokitesvaia. down-gazing lord, pitying lord, misread avalokitasL-ara. dowii-gazing .sound, sound-regarding). A mythical Bodhisattva, or Buddha-elect, who is worshiped in Sikkim, Nepal, and Tibet under the name Ariiluk-iln, or Avalolcitcshvara; in China under the name of Kuan-yin, or Kican-shih-yin, and in .Japan as £'icon->ioH, or Ktran-sc-on. In the first-men- tioned group of countries this deitj' is in- vested exclusively with male attributes, but in China and Japan with female attributes, a change of sex which seems to date, in China at least, from the twelfth ceniury. and has never been satisfactorily accounted for. The Grand Lama of Tibet is a living incarnation of Avalo- kita, the patron deity of the coimtry and the protector of the faithful. One of his many names is Maha-Karuna ('The Great Pitier'). In China and Japan Kwan-yin (Kwan-non) is known as the 'Goddess of Mercy.' Her worship is very popular. One of her names is Pn-nan-kwan-yin, or the compassionate goddess who sticcors those who are exposed to the eight kinds of sufl'ering. As the f<uni]-1se Kuan-yin she is the 'Giver of Rons.' and hence is much worshiped by childless n.arried women. Sometimes she is represented with three, or eight, or eleven faces, or with a thousand eyes and a thousand arms; the faces and eyes indicating her omniscience and the arms her onmipotenee. In China the island of Pu-to, near Chusan. is specially dedicated to Kwan-yin,