Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/700

* KXJTAIS. 636 KUZNETSK. tures. Poi)ulation, in 1897, 32,492, including a number of Arniuiiiuns and Jews, who are mostly enj;aged in trade. Kutais is one of the oldest towns of the Caucasus, and is identilicd with the Kotatision of Procopius. It became Russian in 1810. In the vicinity are the ruins of several ancient fortresses. KTJTENAI, koo'tc-nl (properly, Kutonaqa). A small group or confederacy of tribes consti- tuting a distinct stock (Kitunalian), formerly occupying tlic narrow valleys along Kootenai River and the Arrow Lakes, on botli sides of the British C'oUnnbia-JIonlana boundary, and now chiefly gathered upon reservations in the same region. There is evidence that they formerly lived in the eastern plains, and were driven into the mountains liy the Blackfeet. Their extension southward inio Montana dates from their peace with the Flatheads. about one hundred years ago. Since then the two tribes have been friends, and were foraierly accustomed to make joint e.xiiedi- tions annually to the headwaters of the Missouri, for the purjHjsc of liunting the butfalo. They lived in tipis. From their earliest aecpiaintance with the whites tlicy were noted for their honesty and gcod qualities. A recent Canadian report states that those on that side of the line '"are all Catho- lic, zealous and attentive to their religion, indus- trious and law-abiding, and steadily becoming richer and more self-supporting," some being farmers and stock-raisers, others packers and mides to prospectors. All are now civilized, fliose of the United States, almost all upon the Flathead Reservation in Montana, are also civi- lized and Catliolic. through the efforts of the Jesuits, but in much less favorable condition, owing, as their agent states, to the seizure of all the best lands by white men and half-breeds, and the discontinuance of the mission schools on account of the withdrawal of (Jovcrnment aid. The Kutenai number in all about 900, about 500 of wliciiM are on the Canadian side. KUTTENBERG, knt'tcn-berK. A mining town of Bohemia, about 38 miles east-southca.st of Prague (Jlap: Austria, D 2). It has a num- ber of interesting churches, notably the uncom- pleted Gothic Church of Saint Barbara, dating from the end of the fourteenth century. There are also an old castle, for a time the residence of the Bohemian kings, with a mint where the first Silhernrosrhcn was coined in 1300; an old town hall and barracks. The chief industries of the town are cotton-weaving, brewing, sugar-refining, and iron-smelting. Population, in 1890, 13. .503; in 1900. 14.799. KUTUSOFF, koo-to5's6f, Mikhail Ilarioxo- viTrii Goi.EXisiiTCHEFF. Prince of Smolensk (1745-1813). . Russian field-marshal, born in Saint Petersburg. He entered the army when ycung and rose rapidlv. He took part in the "campaign against Poland (17ri4-fi9). fought the Turks in 1770. again in 1771-72. served under Suvarofr in 1789 and 1790. and was made succes- sively Ambassador at Constantinople. Governor of Finland, and Governor of Saint Petersburg (1801). He was appointed in 1805 to the com- mand of the First Army Corps against the French. In November of that year he was vic- torious over Marshal Mortier of Diirnstein. He was in command of the allied army under the Kmperor Alexander at Austcrlitz (December 2. 1805). In 1811-12 he commanded the Russian army in the war against the Turks, and succeeded Barclay de Tolly in 1812 as commanderin-chicf of the army against the French, lost the battle of Borodino (ij.v. ), but gained a great victory over Davout and Xey at Smolensk. He carried on the campaign to its successful termination; but his strength was exhausted, and he died at Bunzlau, April 28, 1813. KUTZING, ki.i'tsing, Fkiedrich Tbaugott (18(17-93). A (Icrman liotanist, born at Ritte- burg in Thuringia. He was educated at Halle, and traveled in Southern Europe, especially studying the liora of the Adriatic coast; and for s( me time taught natural science at Nordhausen. In his Grundziiiji- dcr philoNopUiKchcn Botanik (1851-52) there are conclusions as to the origin of species similar to the ideas later advanced by Darwin. Besides the above, he imblished sev- eral other works of considerable importance. KUTZTOWN, kTTlts'toun. A borough in Berks County, Pa.. IS miles north by east of Reading; on a branch of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad (Map: Pennsylvania, F 3). The Key- stone State Normal School is situated here. The borough has a large foundrv. and manufactures of Hour, leather, shoes, hosierv, etc. Popula- tion, in 1890, 1595: in 1900, 1.328. KTJXHAVEN, koTkks'ha'fcn. A seaport of Germany. See CrxilAVEX. KtJYPER, kl'pcr. Abraham (1837—). A Dutrli statesman and theologian, born in Maass- luis and educated at l.eydcn. His father was a pastor of the Reformed Church ; the son received a dillicult country charge at Beest in 1863. and five years afterwards went to T'trecht. where he began his struggle for the independence of the Reformed Church. In 1870 he became pastor, in Amsterdam, of the largest congregation in Hol- land. There he '.lecanic more and more engrossed in politics. He became editor of T)r Ktandaanl in 1872; and in this conservative secular journal, as well as in iiis religious organ, the Ucraut, opposed 'modernism,' which he considered an en- emy of Cliristianity, or, in his own phrase, of Calvinism. Thus he lieeame the logical political successor of Groen van Prinstcrer, and was elected to Parliament in 1874, but was forced to resign soon afterwards. His political purposes were sketched in 0ns Proqram (1879). where he urged a double system of representation, indi- vidual and co'r|)orate. less centralization of gov- ernment, a large degree of local control even in the colonies, and .i reformed system of taxation. In 1880 he established the Free University of Amsterdam, and in lS8fi definitely broke with the National Church, and formed the Free Re- formed Church. He returned to Parliament in 1897, carried through the great Conservative and Clerical alliance between Calvinist and Catholic parties, and in 1901. as leader of this fusion, formed a Cabinet in which he took the portfolio of the Interior. Kuyper is well known in .merica as a strongly Calvinistie theologian. His En- cycloptrdia of Hacred Theology (1898) and his works on Calvinism and on the Holy Spirit were translated into English by De Vries. In Church history his important work is an edition of the Polish reformer John ;t Lasco (ISfifi). KUZNETSK, klioz-nvetsk'. or KUSNETSK. The capital of a district of the same name in the Government of Saratov. Russia, situated on the river Truyev, over 280 miles north-northeast