Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/692

* KUMATTN. 628 KTJND. tion, 7500). Kumaun is celebrated for its nu- merous pilgrim resorts at tlie jiuietiou points of its rivers; the most important are Deoprayag and Nishnuprayiig. KUMBHAKONAM, kum'M-kO'num. A town of British liulia. See CoMBACoxuii. KtJMMEL, or DOPPELKUMMEL, d.jp'pd- kiun'inrl ( Ger., cumin I. A lii|Ucur made gener- ally from brandy, llavnrcd with cumin and cara- way-seeds. It is made chicHy at Riga, and is much used in Russia. Germany, and the Eastern Archipelago. See Liqievr. KUMMER, kum'er, Erxst EDr.RD (1810- 93). A German matliematician. born at Sorau. in Silesia. He studied tlieology and mathematics in Halle (1828-31), and received the doctor's degree in 1832. He then for ten years taught mathe- matics in the gjmnasium at Liegnitz, where Kronecker (q.v. ) was one of his pupils. From 1842 to 1855 Kummer was professor of mathe- matics at Breslau. and from 1855 to 1884 at Berlin. From 1S74 he also taught in the military academy of Berlin. He became a mcndier of the Academy of Sciences in Berlin in 1855. and in 1857 was awarded the grand prize in matliematics by the Academy of Sciences in Paris, of which he became a foreign member in 1868. Rummer's chief contributions to mathematics were in the domains of the hypergeometric (Gaussian) series (Crelle's Journal, vol. xv. ), of cidiic and biqvmd- ratic remainders (in Crelle, vols, xxiii. and sxxii. ), and of complex numbers. The creation of the theory of ideal mmibers (see Xumrkr) is due to him, and to the theory of numbers in gen- eral he was an extensive contributor. He also devoted himself with success to the subject of pure geometry. In the Allyemeiiie Theoiie dcr Blralilptisysteme (Crelle's Journut, vol. Ivii.) he laid down the principles applicable to the so- called Kummer surfaces. These are surfaces of the fourth degree with 16 knot points (Knoten- punkten, corresponding to double points of a curve), and 16 singular tangent planes. The points and planes are so related that each of the 16 planes contains six of the points, and through each of the 16 points pass si. of the planes. The system of these points and planes is called a Kummer configuration. The theory of these sur- faces has been studied by Cayley. Reye. Lie. and others, and Borchardt and H. Weber have sho^^■n the relation of this theory to that of hyperel- liptic (Abelian) functions. Besides the contri- butions already mentioned, Kummer's writings include an interesting memoir entitled. Ueher die IVirkiitifj dcs Luffii-iderstnndes aiif Korper von rerschiedener Orfifalt, inbesondere auf die Ge- schosse (Abhandhmgen der Berliner Akademie, 1875). For biogi-aphical .sketch and list of works, consult the Jahresiericht der deutschen Mathe- mntiker-Vereininunrj. vol. iii. (Berlin, 1804). KUMMER, Friedrich August (1797-1879). A German violoncellist, born in ileiningen. He studied the 'cello under Dotzauer in Dresden, but became an oboist of the King's Band in 1814. In 1817 he became 'cellist in the same organization. He made several European con- cert tours, but most of his life was spent in Dres- den, in which city he died. He composed many concertos and fantasias for the 'cello, and wrote an excellent Violoncello School. KUMQUAT, kvnn'kwot (Cantonese pronuncia- tion of Chinese kin keu, golden orange), Citrus Japonica. A small shrubby species of orange, seldom more than six feet high, native of Cochin- China or China, and extensively cultivated in Japan, Florida, and California. It endures more frost than any other plant of the genus. In cul- tivation it grows 8 to 12 feet tall. The fruit is ovate, oblong or siMierical,and orange-colored; the KDMQCAT. rind is sweet, and the juice acid. It is delicious and refreshing. The Chinese make an excellent sweetmeat by preserving it in sugar, a practice which is being followed in the United States. The dwarf habit and the dense dark-green foliage make it a po])ular species for pot culture. In commercial plantations it is usually budded or grafted on Citrus trifoliata or some .sweet orange stock. For illustration, see Colored Plate of CiTBus Fruit. Consult Hume, "The Kumquat." Florida Experiment Station Bulletin 65 (Lake City, 1003). KUMUNDUROS, koo-mSnn'du-ras, or KO- MUNDUROS, Alexaxdro.s (1814-83). A Greek statesman. He was born in Slessenia and, after studying for a short time at Athens, returned to his home as a lawyer. He took part in the rising in Crete in 1841, and in 1843 was pri- vate secretary to General Grivas during the Sep- teml)er Revolution. He was chosen Deputy in 1851, and was chosen president of the Chamber in 1855. In 1856 he became Jlinister of Finance. For his part in the plot against King Otto ( 1862) the new Revolutionary Government made him Mini-iler of .Justice. Under Kanaris he was twice (1864 and 1865) Minister of the Interior, and in 1865 liecame for the first time president of the Ministry, being repeatedly reappointed to the position afterwards (the last time in 1880). His politics changed from liberal (before 1862) to conservative. He was especially an.xious to develop gradually the parliamentary power, but his foreign policy, whose aim was to resist Tur- key and extend Greek power, was made impossi- ble by the Congress of Constantinople and he was forced to resign (1882). Consult Bikelas. Cou- moundouros (^lontpellier, 1884). KTJNCHINJIN'GA. A peak of the Hima- layas, one of the highest mountains in the world, perhaps exceeded only by Mount Everest and Mount Godwin- Austen or Dapsang. It is sit- uated at the northeastern corner of Xepal. 60 miles east of Mount Everest. Its height is about 28.176 feet. KTJND, koont, RiCH.BD (18.52-1904). A Ger- man soldier and explorer, born at Zielenzig in the Xeumark. In 1884 he went to Africa in the em- ploy of the African Companj-. With Tappenbeek he proceeded inland to Leopoldville; at the close of