Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/689

* KU-KLUX KLAN. 625 KULISH. tlircaten the general security. Kopublican legis- kitiiivs passed stringent acts to break up the Klan and bring its guilty members to justice, but public sentiment was not sulliciently strong against Ku-Klux methods to make the enforce- ment of the laws ellective. Furthermore, since its deeds were usually conmiitted at night by men in disguise, it was dilhcult to get sulKcient evidence upon which a grand jury could franu- a bill, or if that could be done, it was next to impossible to impanel a jury that %vould find a verdict for the State; few men being courageous enough to give testimony that would incriminate a nu'mber of the Klan. Consequently the efforts of the Hepublican State Governments accom- plished little toward breaking up the disorder. On March 23, 1871, President Grant .sent a special message to Congress in which he declared that life and property were insecure in some of the Southern .States, and that mail-carriers and revenue collectors were in danger of personal violence. He urged Congress to enact appropriate legislation to meet the situation. A joirt select connnittee of twenty-one members was thereupon appointed to inquire into the condition of affairs in the South. A sub-committee took the testi- mony of various persons at Washington, who were partly familiar with the situation in the South, and other sub-committees were appointed to visit and take testimony in the affected States. Their report showed the existence of but little disorder in Virginia. Florida, or Louisiana, but pointed out that nurny crimes, some of them revolting in character, had been committed for political reasons onlj" in various localities of Alabama, Mississi])pi, South Carolina, (jeorgia. North Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas, and that life and pro])erty were insecure in many locali- ties. Without waiting for the report Congress, on April 20, 1871. pa.-.sed the Enforcement Act, popularly known as the Ku-Klux Act. or 'I'orce Bill.' Its most important ])rovision was the ex- tension of the jurisdiction of the United States courts to all Ku-Klux cases, and the authorization of the President to employ the land or naval forces to su])press disorders and to suspend the writ of ]iii}ieas corpus during the continuance of the Ku- Klux troidiles. It also authorized the Federal judges to exclude from the juries those who were believed to be accomplices of persons engaged in committing Ku-Klux outrages. Although con- victions were not numerous, the law seems to have caused a great falling off in the number of Ku Klu.x oitrages. and the Klan as an active organization gradually died out. KTJKOLNIK. kmT'k.M-nyik. Xestor (1800- G8 ). A Russian dramatist and novelist. His style is florid and rhetorical. His novels in- clude Evelina (1840) : I'atkiil: and Alf y Aldona (1842). His plays are extremely pa,triotic. Among them are: Tnrqualo Tasso (18.S;?) ; Knar Khohnnhi/ (with music by Glinka); and Oiulio Most!. KUKULCAN, krrn-koTFl'kan. An ancient hero of the Maya, next in importance to Itzamnfl (q.v.). The etymology of the name is uncer- tain. In many respects the myths concerning him strikingly resemble those held by the Aztec concerning Quetzalcoatl (q.v.). He is repre- sented as the chief of a company of twenty holy men. with flowing robes and long beards, who introduced the rites of confession, fasting, and the veneration of Friday as commemorative of the death of the virgin-born god iiacab. K.U- kulcan founded the great city of Chichen-Itza (q.v.), where he ruled with so mild a sway that his people forgot the use of arms even for the chase. He afterwards founded the capital city of Mayapan, where, as in ChichOn-Itza, a prin- ci])al temple was built in his honor. At last, having completed his work and appointed his successor, he departed to the west, or, as the jieople believed, ascended to the skies. An an- nual festival was held in his honor, beginning ' November 8th and continuing five days and nights, on the last of which the god himself was believed to descend from heaven and receive the sacrifices made in his name. KUKULJEVIC-SAKCINSKI, koo'kool-yi'- vich sak-chin'ske, Ivan (1810-89). A Croatian author and statesman, born at Warasdin. He was educated at Agram ; was in the army ( 1833- 42) ; and then entered polities. His first poem, "An Kroatien." and a few of his other works, were written in German, but he is best known for his writings in the vernacular. In 1839 he wrote the first Croatian drama, Juran i Sof'ija. His collected works, h'arlicila dela (1842-47), contain poems, dramas, and novels. He was promi- nent in the agitation of 1848. and for many years was a member of the Croatian Diet. He founded the South Slavonic Academy of Agram and was its president. Among his historical works, be- sides contributions to the Arkiv of the South Slavic Historical Society, are; Jura liegni Croaiice, Dalmatiw el Slaroniw (18G1-62); Mtmumenta Historica f^larorum Meridionalium (1803-75) ; and a history of the war against the Jlongolians, liorba Urralah s Mongoli (1803). He also wrote the valuable bibliographies: Slov- nik unijrlnihah jugoslavcn.'ikich (1858-GO), and Bihlwyrafm hrrats'ka (1800-03). KTTKtr-NOB, ki3o'koo-nor'. or KO'KO-NOR'. A region of Tibet (q.v.). KUKU-NOR, or KOKO-NOR. A salt lake in the Tibetan province of the same name, situ- ated in the northeastern corner of the country, 200 miles northeast of the sources of the Iloang- lio, and at an altitude of 10,000 feet above sea- level (Map: China, A 4). It is GO miles long and 40 miles wide. The Kuku-nor Mountains rise from its southern shore to a height of over 15,000 feet. Its name, in Oiinese Tsing-hai. means 'Blue Sea,' from the beautiful color of its water. It contains several islands, on one of which is a Buddhist monastery. KTJLANAPAK, kooTi-nii'pan. A North Anii'ricaii Indian slock. See PoMO. KULBARGA, kul-lulr'gu. A town in India. See Gvi.n.RG.. KULISH, koo'lish, P.vxteleymon Alex.vxdro- viTCii ( 1819-97). A Russian author, born at Vo- roiieli, and educated at Kiev. He taught for s(>veral years, and as a friend and follower of KostomarofT was arrested for his radical politics, imprisoned for two months, and for three years exiled to Tula. He wrote a life nf Gogol ( 185G) ; ethnographical studies on Southern Russia. Za- pisli iitiSnon Uusi (lS.'>0-57^; an historical novel on Russia in 1GG3 (1857); and collec- tions of tales and poems in Russian and the dialect of Little Russia.