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* KRUMMEL. 618 KRYLOFF. a chair as professor at Kiel in 1883. In 1880 he ae- c-onipanied the Plankton Expedition. His pub- lications include; Vie iiquatorialen Mccrcsstrii- hiungen des Atlantischen Oceans (1877); Der Oeean (2d ed. 1!)02) ; Die lieueijunysfortnen des Meers (1887) ; Die lieisebeschreihuiiy der Plank- ioncxpedition (1802); and Ueher Ge^eitenirellcn (1807). KRUPP, kryp, Alfred (1812-87). Inventor, metallurgist, and manufacturer. He was the son and successor of Fricdrich Krupji, the founder of the steel-works at Essen, and was born at Essen, Prussia. His brother Hermann was associated with him until 1848, when Alfred assumed entire control, and bj' persistent study and great dili- gence continued his father's efforts to imjirove the manufactuie of steel. His exhibit at Lon- don in 1851 first drew the attention of the world to liim, and in 1852 the successful invention of a method of manufacturing weldless railway tires enabled him to enlarge his establishment. His breech-loading rille and cannon were adopted by the Prussian Army in 181. and the war of 1870-71 established its superiority. His factory soon became known for the heay ordnance and armor plate which were constructed there not only for Germany, but other European nations except France, for whom the Krupps have neer manufactured munitions of war. He died Julv 14, 1887. Consult Blideker, Alfred Krupp (Essen. 1888). See the articles Abmob Plate and Okd- KANCE. KRXJPP, Frieoricii (1787-182G). Ironmaster and founder of the famous Krupp Works. He was born at Essen, Rlicnish Prussia, and after the death of liis father lie was brought up by his grandmother, wlio had, in 1800, purchased the Sterkrade Works. Here Friedrich endeavored to make cast steel, the secret of which was care- fully guarded in England. With Gottlob Jacobs, an engineer, Krupp made his first experiments at the Sterkrade Works, and after the sale of the plant in 1808 continued liis attempts inde- pendently at Essen. In 1810 he founded a small forging plant near Essen, and in 181.) formed a partnership with Friedrich Nicolai for the production of cast steel, a product which was found excellent for certain purposes, such as mint dies, stamps for buttons, etc. Yet the de- mand was not sufficient to keep the works in operation, and soon after 1820 Knipp was oiiliged to give up his house to occupy a small one-story laborer's cottage near his plant. The hut is still preserved in the midst of the present gigantic establishment. Shortly before his death he confided to his son Alfred (q.v. ) the secret of making cast steel, which the latter developed successfully. KRXJPP, Friedrich Alfred (18.54-1002). A German gunmaker, son of Alfred Krupp. He increased and diversified the output of the Krupp Works, which he extended by the incor- poration with them of other enterprises. A mem- ber of the Prussian Upper House and Council of State, he also sat in the Reichstag from 1803 to 1898. Just before his death his private character ■was violently assailed by the Socialist newspaper the Vorwaerts, and it was said that this arraign- ment hastened his end. The Emperor vigorously defended Krupp, especially in a public speech at his funeral, and the heirs began a suit against the Vorwaerts, but soon abandoned the action. KRUPP FOUNBRIES, Social Work at. About IStil the great lirm of Krupp at Essen, Germany, finding that there were not in the town sullicient liouses for their employees, began build- ing dwellings. By 1802 ten liou.ses were ready for foremen, and in 1803 the first houses for workingmen were built in Alt Westend. Neu Wcslciid was built in 1871 and 1872. Now some 400 houses are provided, many being given rent free to widows of former workers. A cooperative society founded in 18U8 has become tile Consum- Anstalt and profits are divideil according to amounts purchased. A boarding-house for single men. the Menage, was started in 1805 with 200 boarders and now accommodates 1000. Bath- houses* are provided and employees receive free medical attendance. Insurance societies — acci- dent, life, and sicknes.s — exist among the men and the firm contributes for their support $(10,000 per year. There is a trust fund of .'j!250.000 for the benefit of the needy wlio are not qualified to get pensions. Essen also has a fund of .$125,000 used in building workingmen's houses, and there is also a building association. Technical and manual training schools are provided. The rela- tions between employers and men have been ex- cellent. KRUPP STEEL, Kkupp Armor Plate, etc. See Armor Plate. KRUSE, krrro'zp, Heinricii (1815-1902). A German dramatist and publicist, born at Stral- sund. He studied philology at the universities of Bonn and Berlin. In 1847 he took up journal- ism, and in 1855 he became chief editor of the Kijlnischc Zciliiiifi. He devoted himself, how- ever, largely to play-writing. Of his dramas the following are considered of great merit : Die (Jrd- fin, a tragedy (1808). which was awarded a jirize by the IJerliner Schiller Commission ; Bru- tus (1874-82) ; Das Mddehen von Byzanx (1877- 85) ; and Der Verhannle (1879-81). In most of his dramas Kruse outlines his characters with strength, and the play of human passion and action is expressed with true dramatic effect. He also wrote sea stcu'ics and poems. KRUSENSTERN, kroo'zai-steni, Adam Jo- iiAN'N VON ( 1770-1840). A distinguished Russian traveler, born at Haggud (Esthonia). After serving for some time in the British navy he was intrusted in 1803 by Emperor Alexander with the command of a scientific and commercial expedition to the North Pacific coasts of America and Asia. The chief object of this undertaking was the development of the fur trade with Rus- sian America. In connection therewith the Gov- ernment dispatched an embassy for the restora- tion of trade relations with Japan, in which ]iurp(ise it was unsuccessful. The interesting geo- graphical discoveries of Krusenstern made his voyage very important for the progress of geo- graphical science. This voyage, in which he was the first Russian to circumnavigate the world, Krusenstern later described in his Joiirney Around the ^Vorld (1810-12, with an atlas of 104 plates; English translation, 1813), which waa soon translated into all the principal languages of Europe. Krusenstern became an admiral in 1841. His further works include an Atlas de Voeran ['aeifiijue (2 vols., 1824-27). KRYL6FF, kre-lof, Ivan Andrete'Itcii (1708-1840). A Russian fabulist, the son of a Moscow officer. He received the elements of hia