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* KRONECKER. 614 KROTEL. are found in the ifoiuttsberichtc of the Academy of Berlin, in the Comptes rendus of the Academy of Sciences of Paris, and in tlie Annalcs de I'Ecole yormale Supcrieure of Paris. His corre- spondence with Dirichlet appeared in the Got- tingische tjelrUitc Aiizeigen (1885), Consult: Frobenius, "Gediichtnisrede auf Leopold Kro- necker," in the Abhandlttngen of the Berlin Academy of Sciences (1893) : and the catalogue of scientific papers of the Royal Society of Lon- don. KRONENBERG, krOn'en-berK. A town in the Pvhine Province, Prussia, near the river Wupper. about 3 miles south-southwest of Elber- feld (ilap: Prussia, B 3). It has iron and steel works. Population, in 1890, 8702; in 1900, 10,220. KRONES, krO'nes, Fbaxz, von ilarchland (183.5-1902). An Austrian historian, born at Ungarisch-Ostrau, in Moravia, and educated at Vienna. In 186,5 he was appointed professor of history in the University of Gratz. His books include: Die iistcrreichischen. hiihmischen und vtigarischcn Liindcr I'lSI-loid (1804); Zur (feschichte Urifiarns im Zeitaltcr Franz liakocsijs II. (1870); i'ltgarn unter Maria Theresia und Joseph II. (1870); Zur Geschichte Oesterreichs ■ im ZeituUer der fransiisischen Kriege und der Reslauraiion (1886); A us Oesterreichs stillen und heuegtca Tagen 1810-12 und lSlS-1.5 ( 1892) ; Oesterreichische Gesehiehte his 1.j26 (1899) ; and 152G his zur Gegenivart (1900). KRONES, TuERESE (1801-30). An Austrian actress uf nuicli ability and grace in comic parts. She was born at Freudenthal. After several provincial tours she appeared at the Leopold- stadter Theatre in Vienna, where she played with Eaimund. wlio greatly influenced her technique. In 1827 she retired from the stage for a time, being unjustly accused of complicity in the mur- der of Professor Blank by Jaroszynski. She wrote several plays — Sglp'hide and Xehelgeist among them — and is the central figure in a novel by Biiuerle (1854-55) and in a melodrama bv Haffner (1861). KRONSTADT, krOn'stat, or CRONSTADT (Hungarian Bnisso). A royal free town of Tran- sylvania, Hungary, situated picturesquely at the foot of the Transylvanian Alps, at an altitude of nearly 1900 feet. It is a short distance from the Rumanian frontier (Map: Hungary, J 4). The inner town is surrounded by a part of the old fortifications and promenades, and is com- manded by a citadel, erected in 1553 to ward off the attacks of the Wallachs. The other three sections of the city are not interesting. The most prominent ecclesiastical building is the four- teenth-century Gothic Protestant church, known as the "black church' on account of its smoke- stained walls, the result of the great fire of 1689. It has a modern carved altar, a fine altar-piece, one of the largest organs in the Kingdom, and other interesting features. The noteworthy Church of Saint Bartholomew is the oldest church in Kronstadt. The town hall dates from 1420, and was restored in 1770 in the baroque style. Not far from the town hall stands the larae Kaufhaiis. erected in 1545. Kronstadt has the Honterus (Protestant) G^-mnasium. with a museum of natural history and archjpology and a library founded in 1544; a seminary for teachers : a number of special schools; and a theatre. In commerce and manu- facturing it stands first among the Transyl- vanian towns. It manufactures clotli, leather and leather products, Portland cement, candles, and articles of wood. There are large banks. Population, in 1890. 30,739; in 1900," 31,089— Hungarians. Wallachs (Rumans), and Germans, mostly Protestants. Kronstadt is said to have been colonized in the thirteenth century by the Teutonic Knights. It was destroyed by the Tatars and the Turks in the fifteenth century, and became in the sixteenth century the centre of Protestantism in Transylvania, Johannes Hon- terus. -the Apostle of Transylvania,' having preached here. KRONSTADT. A strong sea fortress and port of lUis-ia. situated on the island of Kotlin, in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland, 31 miles west of Saint Petersburg (Map: Russia, C 2). It is regularly built and very strongly fortified by walls, earthworks, forts, and batteries. It has three harbors, including a commercial har- bor, accommodating 1000. vessels. Prior to the construction of the sea canal from Kronstadt to Saint Petersburg, sea-going vessels usually un- loaded at Kronstadt. and the freight was car- ried to Saint Petersburg in small steamers. The completion of the canal made the port of Saint Petersburg accessible to large vessels, with the result that Kronstadt greatly declined in com- mercial importance. The town has numerous public buildings, being the seat of the Admiralty and an important naval station. The house which Peter the Great occupied in 1710 is one of the sights of the town, and some interesting specimens of the workmanship of the Czar car- penter are found in the churches. The educa- tional institutions comprise two gymnasia, a naval school, and a school for sailors. The industries of the town are chiefly in con- nection with the Government navy-yards, but there are also machine-works, saw-mills, etc. The sea commerce of Kronstadt is still very important, and the port is connected by steam with Riga, Stockholm. Stettin, Lubeck, and Hull. During a part of the winter the transportation of freight from Kronstadt to Saint Petersburg is effected by means of a railway line built on the ice. Kronstadt w'as founded by Peter tlie Great in 1710. It forms a se])arate administrative division, and is under the administration of a military governor, who is also the commander of the port. Population, in 1897, 59.539. KROTEL, kro'td. Gottlob Frederick (1825 — ). An American Lutheran clergyman, born at Ilsfeld, Wiirttemberg. He came to the United States with his parents when young, and settled in Philadelphia. He graduated at the University of Pennsylvania and obtained a license to preach in 1848. Two years later he was ordained to the ministry of the Lutheran church, where he held the appointment of pastor for several years. From 1804-08 he was professor of the Theo- logical Seminary in Philadelphia. From 1871 to 1874 he was editor of the Lutherisehe Berold (New York), and became editor-in-chief of the Lutheran, the official organ of the General Coun- cil, in 1896. He published Meditations on the Beatitudes (1855) and Explanation of the Con- stitution of the United states (1888, in Ger- man), and he was joint author of Luther's Small Catechism with William J. Mann (1803).