Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/672

* KREATININ. 610 KRELL. Kreatin.) The chemical constitution of kreati- nin is represented by the following formula : ,XH CO NH = C < I X(CH,) — CH, KKEFELD, kra'ftMt, or CBEEELD. A promi- nent nianulacluring town of Prussia, situated in the Rhine I'rovince, about four miles west of the Kliine and 34 miles by rail northwest of Cologne (.Map: Prussia, B 3). Jt is of slight architectu- ral importance. It possesses a few noteworthy buildinffs. among which may be mentioned the town hall, with good frescoes, and the nuiseum, containing paintings and sculptures. The educa- tional institutions include a gynmasium, two 'real' schools, a textile academy, with a textile museum, and a conservatory of music. As a centre of the silk and the velvet industries, J.re- feld has few rivals in Europe. These industries WQro established by the Protestants and Mcn- rionites during ihe seventeenth and eiglitoenth centuries, and now give occupation to the larger jiart of the industrial population and yield an annual output of over .'f 17,000,000. Krcfeld has extensive railway shops, machine and boiler works, sugar refineries, distilleries, soap factories, chemical works, tanneries, etc. The commerce is chiellv in local manufactures and coal. Popula- tion, "in 1800, 105,370; in lilOO, 100,028, over four-fifths Roman Catholic. Krefeld is first men- tioned in 1100. It obtained nuinicipal privileges in 1.373, and. after having been in the possession of the Coimt of ]Iors and the princes of Nassau- Orange, it passed with the death of William III. of England in 1702 to Prussia. KREHBIEL, kra'bc-1, Henky Edward (1854 — ) . An American musical author and critic, born at Ann Arbor, ilich. He had intended adopting the profession of law, and to that end took up his legal studies in Cincinnati, in which city he acted as musical critic of the Cincinnati Gitzette from 1874 to 1878. Preferring the career of a journalist, he abandoned law and engaged in the serious study of music, with a view to the work with which he has since been identified. Ho is a clear and forceful writer on musical sub- jects and is regarded as one of the leading critical authorities on music in America. He has been editor of the New York Miisinil Review, and sidjsequently became musical critic of the AeiP York Tribune. His writings include: Studies in the Wagnerian Drama (1891); The ■ Philharmonic Society of A'cip York: A Memorial (1892) ; How to Listen to Music (1890), one of his most successful works; Music and Manners in fhr ('hissical I'criod (1898). In collaboration with Russell Sturgis he published the Annotated Bibliography of Fine Art (1897). Other works are: A Translation, of Courvoisier's Technique of Violin Playing (2d ed. 1806), and articles in the Music of ihe Modern World, a subscription work, published between 189.5 and 1897, of which work he was also a consulting editor. KREHXi, kral, Christoph Lvdolp Ehren- FRIED (1825-1901). A German Orientalist, born at Meissen, educated at Leipzig. Tiibingen, and Paris; after a year's residence in Saint Peters- burg, lie became secretaiy of the Royal Libr.ary of Dresden, in 1852, and in 18G1 went to Leipzig as librarian of the university and professor of Oriental languages. He wrote: ZTeber die Reli- gion dcr vorislamischen Araher (1803) ; Ueberdie koranische Lehre von der Predestination (1870) ; lieitriiye zur Charakteristik der Lehre vom lllauben im Islam (1877); Das Lcben und die Lehre dcs Muhammed, vol. i. (1884) ; and edited certain Arabic texts. KREIL, kril, Ivarl (I798-I8G2). An Aus- trian meteorologist and astronomer, Ijorn at Ried. lie was educated at Vienna, and in 1851 was made first director of the Meteorological Insti- tute there. His valuable work on terrestrial mag- ietism, Anleitung zii den magnctischcn Ilcobacli- tungen (2d ed. 1858), was largely supplemented by contributions on the same subject to teclinical journals. His other works include those on comets: C'enni storici e teoretici sidle comete (1832), Veber den grossen Kumeten ton ISIfS (1843), and Ueber die Natur und Bewcgung dcr Komcten (1843); and, in the field of meteor- ology, Kliniatologie von Bohmen (I8G5). KREITTMAYR„ krit'mir, Aloy.s Wigulaus, Baron von (1705-90). A Bavarian jurist ami statesman, born in Mimich. He studied law at the universities of Salzburg, Ingolstadt, Utrecht, and Leyden, and in 1745 was made a member of the Privy Council at Munich and created a baron. In 1749 he was made Vice-Chancellor and Cabi- net Jlinister. He codified the most important branches of law of his country, under such titles as Codex Juris Bavarici Criminalis (3d ed. 1785), Codex Juris Bavarici Judiciarii (latest ed. 1841), and Codex Maximilianiis Hnrnrirus Civilis, supplying every section with annota- tions (latest ed. 1841). He also publislicd: Grundriss dcr gemeinen, und huyrischen. Privat- rechtsgelehrsamkeit (17G8), and Grundriss des allgemeinen deutschen t(nd bayrischcn HtaatS" rechts (2d ed. 1789). In recognition of his ser- vices to the State, a monument was erected to his memory at Jlunich in 1845. Consult the biog- raphy by Kalb (Munich, 1825). KRELING, kra'llng, August von (1819-76). A 'German painter and sculptor. He was born at Osnabriick, May 23, 1819. and studied sculpture under Schwanthaler at Alunich, but soon began painting. His first important work was the dec- oration of the coiling of the Royal Theatre in Hanover. In 1853 he was appointed director of the Art School at Nuremberg, which he developed into a prominent school of industrial art. At the same time he painted a large fresco, the "Corona- tion of Louis the Bavarian," for the Maximili- aneiim at Munich ; restored and decorated the old castle at Nuremberg; modeled colossal bronze statues of Prince Henry of Reuss, at Gera, and of Kejder, and the large bronze fountain presented by Mr. Probasco to "Cincinnati. His best known painting is "Erwin von Steinbach in the Woods," in the Jluseum of Hanover. KRELL, or CRELL, NikoijVUS (c.l55I- IGOl). A Saxon Chancellor and religious re- former. He was born at Leipzig, educated there, was made Chancellor in 1589, and. becoming a convert to Calvinism, used his otlicc to the full to favor that form of Protestantism, although fully aware of the strong attachment of his fellow countrymen to Lutheranism. He intro- duced a Calvinistic catechism, and an edition of the German Bible with Calvinistic notes — hence called Krcll's Bible. He substituted Calvinists for Lutherans in prominent pulpits, and did not require subscription to the Formula of Concord. In 1591 he was deposed, imprisoned and tried.