Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/671

* KKAUSE. 609 KREATININ. philosophy, puhlislied in his life-time, are: Ell lieu if ills iSi/nU'iii.i der Philosophic (1804); Syslvm der Hit'tciilchre (1810); Das Urbild dcr Menschhcit (1811); and Vorlesungen Uber das Hystcin dcr I'hilosoiihie (1828). After his death it was found that he had left behind liim an ininien.se amount of matter in manuscript, part of which has l)een jmblished. Consult: H. Linde- niium, Liljirsichllivlic Durstelluiig des Lehcns und dcr W'issenschaftslehre Krauses und desscn SliiiidiHiiiktes :nr Frcimaurerbriiderschaft (Mu- nich, 1839) ; il(Mint.Dic Krausesche Philosophie (.(ena, 187'.)) : Martin. Kniuses Lebcn, Lehrc und Hcdculuiiy (Leipzig, 1881); Eucken, Zur Erin- ncrung an Krausc (Leipzig, 1881). KRAUSS, krous, Gaukiele (1842—). An Austrian dramatic soprano, born in Vienna. She .'tudied at the conservatory in that city and with Marchesi. She was a member of the ienna Court Opera (1800-G7); at the Theatre Italien (1807-71), and, after singing at Baden and Milan, was engaged at the Grand Opera, Paris ( 187oS(i). In 1880 she was made an officer of the Acadeniie. Her most famous rOles were jVIathilde (in Les Huguenots), Aida, Marguerite (in Faust), and Desdemona. KRAUTH, krouth, Charles Porterfield (1823-8.'j). An American theologian of the Lutheran Church, son of Charles Philip Krauth. He was born at Martinsburg, Va., graduated at Pennsylvania College, Getty.sburg, iir 18.39, and was ordained to the ministry of the Lutheran Church, serving as pastor of churches in Vir- ginia, Maryland, and Penn.sylvania until 18G4, when he was appointed professor of sj'stcmatic theology in the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia. Here he remained until his death. He was also jirofessor of intellectual and moral philosophy at the University of Pennsyl- vania after 18G8, and vice-provost of the same university after 187.5. Krauth was an active member of the American Bible Revision Coni- liiittec, and an authority on the history, doc- trines, and liturgy of the Lutheran Church. His most imjiortant works were The Conservative Ji'cforiiialion and Its Theology (1871) and ]'ocalMil(iry of Philosophical Sciences (1879). KRAYEVSKY, krii-ycf'ski, Andrei Alexan- nriovrrcii ( is lO-'.lO) . A Russian joui-nalist. born in Moscow. He was educated at the university there and tanght for a time, but began editorial work in 18.'{9 with the Otechestvenni/ia Zapiski, which he continued for ten years, though con- nected with the h'lisski'i Invalid from 1857. In 1803 he established the Golos, an influential paper, on the Liberal side of Russian polities, which had a very large circulation. KRAY VON KRAJOWA, kri f.'m kri-yr/vA, P.^ii.. Baron (1735-1804). An Austrian general, born at Kf'sniArk, Hungary. He entered the Im- perial Army when he was nineteen, fought in the .Seven Years' War. and in the war with the Turks ( 17SS-8!)), became major-general and banm after the peace of 1790, and commanded in the Nether- lands. In 179 I be defeated Pichegru at Catrou : in 179(1 beat Klcbcr near Wetzlar. took part in tlic battles of Ambeig and Wiirzburg, and was made lu'ld-marshal lieutenant. His^revcrscs in 1797 were followed by the victories of Verona, Le- gnago. Magnano. and Mantua in the Italian cam- paign of 1799. In the following year he suc- ceeded Archduke Charles in command of the army in Germany, but was unsuccessful. The truce of Parsdorf brought to an end his oper- ations in Germany. He resigned the command to .Archdidco .lohn. retired to Pesth, and died there. KRE'ATIN (from Gk. Kpias, kreas, flesh), or CREATIN, CJ1,,X;(X. An organic substance found in considerable quantities in the muscles and the nervous tissues of vertebrata. A"hcn boiled with baryta water it is readily converted into urea, and hence it is considered as one of the jirobable sources of urea in the body. It also occurs in urine, but the fact that it is found there has been attributed to the transformation of an allied substance, kreatinin, during the jirocess of extraction. Kreatin maj- be readily lirejiared from Liebig's beef extract by dissolv- ing in water and jireeipitating the solution with an excess of basic acetate of lead, the kreatin re- maining in solution; the excess of lead is elimi- nated by passing a current of sulphureted hydro- gen through the solution, which is again filtered and evajiorated on the water-bath to the consist- ency of a thin syrup. On standing in a cool place, the kreatin separates out from the latter in somewhat impure form; it is then purified by recrystallization from water. With one molecule of water kreatin crystallizes in the form of colorless rhombic prisms, sparingly soluble in cold water and alcohol, and insoluble in ether, but very readily soluble in hot water. Chem- ically kreatin acts as a weak base, forming ciystalline compounds with acids. Its presence may be detected by converting it into kreatinin (by boiling with dilute mineral acids), and identifying the latter. (See Kreatinin.) The chemical constitution of kreatin is represented bv the following formula: ,N(CH,).CH~COOH HX = C< XH, KREAT'ININ, or CREATININ (from krea- tin ), C,H;X,C>. A cliemieal substance closely allied ■to kreatin. from which it may be prepared by heat- ing with dilute mineral acids. It is a natural constituent of urine and of the muscles of certain fishes and has been found in small quantities in sweat. It is a colorless crystalline substance soluble in water and in alcohol, and acting as a strong base, forming crystalline compounds with acids. One of its characteristic reactions is the direct combination with zinc chloride, resulting in the formation of a crvstalline salt having the formula (C,H;X,0).ZnCL. By this reaction kreatinin may be readily prepared from urine, which is for this ]nirpose eva])(nated to a small volume and pieci|)ilatcd with zinc chloride: the zinc chloriile compouml of kreatinin is decom- posed by boiling with oxide of lead, and the kreatinin thus set free is purified by crystalliza- tion. The zinc chloride reaction may also be employed for detecting the (iresence of kreatinin. The following (Jaffes reaction) is another deli- cate test for kreatinin: A small quantity of a solution of jiicric acid in water is added to the liquid in which the presence of kreatinin is sus])ected; if then a few drops of a weak sodium hydroxide solution are added, an intense red coloration is jiroduccd. if kreatinin is present. Kreatinin is readily converted into kreatin by combining with the elements of water. (See