Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/667

* KRAFFT-EBING. 605 KRAKATOA. eases until 1S89, when he accepted the same pro- fessorship at the University of Vienna. He resigned ill 1!I02 and returned to Gratz, where he remained until his dcatli. lie was the autlior of numerous books and monograplis dealing with pathological psychology in its relation to the hiw, and on nervous and mental diseases. Many of these have been widely translated. Some of the more im- portant are: Die Mclancholie: Eine klinische titudie (Erlangen, 1874); Grundziige der Kri- minalpsycholoijie fiir Juristcn (ib., 1882); Die progressive allgemcine Paralyse (Vienna, 1804) ; Xerrositiit -und neurasthenische ZustUnde (Vienna, ISI15). Two of his books appear in English translations by Craddoek: An Experi- mental Study in the Domain of Hypnotism (New York and London, 1889), and Psyehopathia iiexudlis (Philadelphia, 1802), a remarkable book, which has become standard in its field. KRAFT, kriift, Adam (c.1440-1507). A cele- brated (k-rmaii sculptor, born pri,bal)h' at Nurem- berg. Very little is known of his life beyond the fact that the year 1490 found him actively en- gaged in Nuremberg, a contemporary and friend of the famous founder Peter Viseher. From his works, in which architecture and sculpture are treated with equal mastery and in closest con- nection, it may be inferred that he started as a simple handicraftsman, and by his own efforts worked his way to the perfection apparent in his mature creations. The earliest of his more elabo- rate works in Nuremberg is the series known as "The Seven Stations," completed about 1490, for- merly on the road to the Cemetery of Saint John and now in the Ocrmanie Museum. They are carved in somewhat coarse sandstone, in high relief, and show the mixture of pictorial and plastic elements in the composition, and the real- istic hardness in the individual figures and in the drapery, as they prevailed in the fifteenth cen- tury. Of the same date is the "Calvary," a group of heroic size, in the Cemetery of Saint John. In 1402 was executed the magnificent "Tomb of the Schreyer Family," outside the Church of Saint Sebaldus. representing the prin- cipal three scenes in the Passion of Christ. Of three other sepulchral monuments, dating prob- ably from between 1498 and 1501, the "Epi- taphium of the Pergerstortl' Family," in the Frau- enkirche, .a large high relief representing the Virgin with the infant Christ crowned by angels, with groups of fieures kneeling at her feet, is the finest. Similar in subject, but ditTerent in treat- ment, is the "Jandauer Tomb," in the Tetzel Chapel of Saint /Fgidius's Church, and more simply, yet most hajipily conceived, is the "Tomb of the Rebeck Family," in the Frauenkirche, Kraft's most elaborate work, and his most widely admired masterpiece, however, is the "Taber- nacle" in the Church of Saint Lawrence, erected in 149,'^-li)00. It is a towering pyramid of ele- gant proportions, reaching a height of sixty-four feet, and terminating with a bold curve at the top, of amazing richness in architectural forms and plastic ornamentation, the smallest details being executed with delicacy. Consult : Wanderer, Adam Kraft vnd seine Sehule (Nuremberg, 1809) ; Bergau, "Adam Kraft." in Dohme, Kunst find Kiinstler (Leipzig, 1S77) ; Bode, Gesfhiehte der deutschen Plastik (Berlin, 1887) ; and Daun, Adam Kraft und die Kiinstler seiner Zeit (ib., 1897). KRAGUYEVATS, kri-gvi'ya-vilts. The cap- ital of the Servian province of the same name, situated on the Lepeiiitsa, west of the Morava, 59 miles south of Belgrade, with which it is con- nected by rail (Map: Balkan Peninsula, C 3). It is the third city in size in Servia. It was until 1842 the residence of the Servian prince.s. It has a foundry, an arms factory, a gjmnasium, a palace, and an arsenal. Population, in 1890, 12,009; in 1900, 15,503. KRAILSHEIM, krils'him. A town of Ger- many. See C'KAILbllEIM. KRAIT (East Indian name), or CRAIT. The most dreaded of East Indian venumous snakes (Bungarus ca-ruleus) . It is a near relative of the cobras, and is dark brown or purplish, with narrow cro.ss-bars or white specks; or alternately barred brown and yellow. It sometimes reaches a length of four feet, and is active and fearless, pursuing and feeding upon rats, lizards, and snakes. It is numerous throughout all the warm parts of India, especially in Bengal, and is likely to creep into houses and tents. The authori- ties believe that it causes more de-aths in India, .ssam, and Burma than any other snake. Several other species of the genus, called Tocksnakes' by English people in India, are known, one of them being the still larger "king-snake' or 'raj- sanip' (Bungarus faseiatus), which is bright yellow, encircled with many black rings. A third species is peculiar to Ceylon, and others extend the range of the genus as far east as Southern China. Consult: Fayrer, Thanatophidia of India (London, 1874), and Ewart, Poisonous Snakes of India (London, 1878) ; both have colored plates. Also. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1899. KRAJOVA, kra-yO'va. A town in Rumania. See Craiova. KRAKATOA, or KRAKATUA, kra'kft-too'fi. A small volcanic island in the Sunda Strait, be- tween Java and Sumatra (Map: East Indies, C (>). It has an area of six square miles, about one-half of its former size. The volcano had been in a dormant state since 1080, when, in May, 1883, it broke out, culminating on the night of August 20-27 in one of the most violent and dis- astrous eruptions known in history. A mass of rock material, estimated at more than a cubic mile, was thrown into the air in the form of lapilli and dust by a succession of explosions that were heard over 150 miles away. The dust was carried to an estimated vertical distance of 17 miles, and reaching the upper air currents it was borne to the remote quarters of the globe. The suspension of this finely divided material in the atmosphere has been regarded as the cause of the brilliant sunsets which during the following win- ter and spring were observed over a large portion of the earth's surface. The explosions were fol- lowed by violent atmospheric disturbances that passed around the earth at the rate of 700 miles an hour. A series of gigantic sea waves was also generated, and these caused great loss of life. The water advancing upon the shores of the neigh- boring islands swept away whole villages, while the o.seillations were noticeable as far as the shores of South .-Vmerica, After the terrible con- vulsions it was found that the northern part of (he island, including the highest jieak. had disap- peared. The total loss of life probablv exceeded 30,000, one axithoritv estimating it at 36,380. The