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* KOSZTA AFFAIB. 601 KOTZEBUE. nationality of the United States, and they had thciefure the right, if they chose to exercise it, to extend their protection to him; that from in- ternational law — the only law which can be ri<rhtfully appealed to for rules in this case — Austria could derive no authority to obstruct or interfere with the United States in the ex- ercise of this right, in eflecting the liberation of Koszta ; and that Captain Ingrahani's inter- I)osition for his release was, under the extraor- dinary circumstances of the case, right and proper." This letter was received with great enthusiasm throughout the United States, and the stand taken by JIarcy with reference to the status of immigrants not fully naturalized has been indorsed by various well-known authorities on international law. Koszta was ultimately released and allowed to return to the United States. Consult Corn'spondrnrr hrtuecn the .S'ec- retarj/ of fitate and the charge d'affaires of Aus- tria relative to the case of Martin Koszta (Washington, 18.5.3). KOTAH, ko'ta. A native Rajputana State, India, with a capital of the .same name, situated 120 miles south of Jaipur. The town, on the right bank of the Chumbul, is fortified bj- a rampart and a ditch. It is of considerable size and of some architectural pretensions, but has an unhealthful climate. Population, 40,000. The State contains .380.3 square miles. Popula- tion, in IStil, 526,300; in 1901, 544,3.50. KOTHEN, ke'ten. A town of Germany. See CiiTlIEX. KOTLYAREVSKY, kot'lyii-ref'ski, Ivan Petrovitch (1769-1838). A Russian poet, born and educated at Poltava. He served in the army (1796-1808) ; was prominent in the chari- ties of his native city: conducted for several years a school for children of the impoverished nobility: and during his last years directed the poorliouse of Poltava. He wrote in the dialect of Little Russia a travesty on the JEneid (17981. which had much satiric power, and several plays dealing with life in Little Russia, of which atnll;a J'oltavka (1819) and Moslal cariniik are the best known. His complete works were published at Saint Petersburg in 1802 (2d cd. 1875). KO'TO (.Japanese). The Japanese harp, made in the form of a zither and consisting of thirteen silk strings stretched over an oblong sounding- board. Each string has a separate bridge, by adjusting which the string is tuned. The koto is played with both hands and has a range of about two octaves. See .Japanese Music. KOTOTCHIKHIN;. kri't.'.-eb.-'K.*n, Origorit ( 1 030-67 ) . A Russian writer, civil servant tmder Czar Alexis. At the age of thirty-one his con- science proved too tender for his tasks, and he had to seek an asylum first in Poland and then in Sweden, where he wrote a book about Muscovy (1066-07). Justly or unjustly he was executed for a murder in Stockholm, and would have liecn iniknown to posterity were it not for his manuscript giving faithful but most unflatter- ing details of the life and reign of the Czar. In 1837 this book was found in the Upsala Library. It was published in Russia by the Imperial archfeological commission and called O f'n.ixiii r Tsarstrovanie Aleksiya MikhaiJovitch (1859, last ed. 1884), KOTOW, katou' (Chin. K'ow-T'ow, K'of-x'ou, from K'ow, to knock, and t'oie, head). To salute, pay respect, homage, or worship by kneeling ceremoniously and then knocking the forehead on the groimd. In China, schoolboys on entering the schoolroom kneel and knock their heads on the floor before the picture of Confucius; in- feriors kotow to superiors; a. humble apology is made by kotowing; prisoners kotow before the magistrate; and the kotow is the most respectful way of worshiping the gods, or before the ancestral tablets. The kotow is performed to friends and relatives seen for the first time after the death of one's father and mother, and it is imperative in approaching the Emperor. There being nine steps to the Imperial throne, there are eight gradations of obeisance, before reaching the top, as follows: (1) .Joining the hands and raising them before the breast; (2) bowing low with the hands still joined; (3) bending the knee as if about to kneel; (4) actual kneeling: (5) the kotow, in which the suppliant or guest before the Emperor kneels, and strikes his head on the ground; (6) kneeling and striking the head on the ground thrice, called the san k'oic or three knockings; (7) kneeling, knocking the head thrice upon the ground, standing upright, and again kneeling and knocking the head three times more; (8) kneeling thrice and knocking the head to the earth nine times. While some of the gods receive only the kotow, or 'three knocks,' and others the seventh grade of obeisance, the Emperor and 'Heaven' receive' full quota of honor, which reaches its climax in the three kneelings and nine knockings of the head. To reject these forms is to reject au- thority. To accept them is to acknowledge homage and obedience to the Emperor. No ac- credited European envoys have made the kotow, except Papal emissaries, and those from Portugal and Holland, who originally yielded to Chinese etiquette, not understanding llie full significance of the act, or for the sake of greater facilities of trade, and for direct conference with the Emperor himself, KOTTBUS, kofbus. A town of Prussia. See COTTBUS. KOTZEBTTE. ko'tsc-bu. Alexander von ( 1815- 89). A German painter, Ixirn at KOnigsberg, son of August von Kotzebue. Educated in tlie Corps of Cadets at Saint Petersburg, he gave up the mili- tary career after four years of service, in 1838, to take up painting at the Academy, under Sauer- weid, and continued his studies there for six years. From 1846 to 1848 he was in Paris, the pupil of Horace Vcrnet. then traveled in the Xetherlands. Italy, and Germany, and in 1860 .settled in JIunich. where he began to execute a long series of battle pieces ordered by the Czar for the winter palace in Saint Petersburg. They comprise the principal combats lietweon Peter the Great and Charles XII.. notably "The. Rattle of Poltava," the battles during the Seven Years' War, in which the Russians were vic- torious, those in the campaigns of SuvarofT in Italy and Switzerland, and the battles of 1812 and 1813 against Xapoleon. Among the few other productions for which these extensive commissions left him sufficient leisure, is to he- noted "The Foundation of Saint Petersburg," ia the Maximilianeum at Munich.