Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/661

* KOSSUTH. 599 KOSTLIN. Austria the means of combating the new order of tilings in Hungary. (See AfSTRlA-HuXGAKY; Jellachicii.) On the dissolution of the Minis- try in September, 1848, he found himself at the head of the Committee of National Defense, with dictatorial powers, and I'rosecuted with e.vtraor- <linary energy the measures necessary for carry- ing on the war both against Austria and against the invasion of the Ban of Croatia. After ad- vancing almost to the gates of Vienna, the Hun- garians were defeated at Schwechat, October 30, 1848. Soon after, the Austrian forces invaded Hungary, and in January, 1849, entered Pesth. The first reverses of the Hungarians were fol- lowed by a series of brilliant victories in the -spring, which were due in no small measure to Kossuth's restless activity in organizing the na- tional forces for the field. To put an end to all the hopes and schemes of the Jloderate Party, lie induced the Diet at Debreczin, April 14, 1840, to declare that the Hapsburg dj'iiasty had forfeited the throne and to proclaim the independence of Hungani'. The Hungarian Kepublic was estab- lished, with Kossuth as Governor. Kossuth was disappointed in his hopes of intervention on the part of the Western powers, and had to face the overwhelming power of Russia, which Czar Nicho- las brought to the support of the Hapsburgs. Find- ing the dissensions between himself and Giirgey (q.v.) damaging to the national cause, he resigned his dictatorship in favor of the latter, August 11, 1849, two days after the defeat at Temesvar. On August 13th Gorgey surrendered the Hun- garian army to the Russians, and on the 17th Kossuth (led into Turkey, where he was kept under restraint by the Turkisli Government: but though his extradition was demanded both by Austria and Russia, the Porte, supported by Eng- land and France, resisted all tlicir demands. In September, 1851, at the intervention of England and the United States, he was liberated and sailed in the United States frigate Mississipjii, sent for the purpose by the Government, to Gibraltar, whence he sailed to England, where he was re- ceived with ever)' demonstration of public respect and sympathy. In December of the same year he landed in the United States. His stay in this country was a continuous ovation. His wonder- ful oratory kindled the enthusiasm of the people, already in sympathy with the cause he re|)re- sented; but his unwise efforts to draw the United States into a quarrel with Austria cooled the ardor with which he had been greeted at first. He returned in .July, 1852, to England, and there he ciiielly resided until 18(i2, when he went to Turin, which he made his permanent liome. In the stirring years of 1859 and lS(i(j Kossuth eii- dciivorcd to take advantage of the opportunity to bring about new Hungarian risings, Imt his plans failed. He organizeil, liowever, an Hungarian legion, which fought under Garibaldi in 1859 and 18G. When Austria and Hungary became recon- ciled in 1867, Kossuth refused to accept the situation, and he continued in his uncompromis- ing hostility to the Hapsburgs to tlie end. He died at Turin. March 20. 1894. His body was interred at Budapest. April 1. amid a great deraon.'tration of respect and afTection. Consult: Kossuth, Memories of Mii F.rile (London. 1880: now ed.. New York. 1894) ; Pulszky, Mcine Zcil. mei» Lehen (Pressburg, 1880-83). by an intimate associate of Kossuth ; also a mass of reports, speeches, and controversial articles occasioned by Kossuth's visit to England and the United States. KOST, Frederick W. (18til— ). An American landscape painter, born in New York City, and a pupil of the National Academy of Design. His work is fresh, direct, and sincere, and his color b.armonious. There is a fine ripeness about his "On Carmen's River" (1902). He obtained hon- orable mention at the Paris E.xpositiun of 1900. KOSTENDIL, kes'tcn-dil', or KIXJSTEN- DIL. A town of Bulgaria, situated in the south- western part of the country. 43 miles southwest of Sofia, and on the railway line from Kumanova to Sofia (Map: Balkan Peninsula. D 3). It has a high school, barracks, and hot springs. Popu- lation, in 1901, 12,003. KOSTER, ke'ster, Hans (1818-1900). A Ger- man dramatist and poet, born at Kritzow. After studying philosophy, he traveled in Italy and France, and lived successively in Berlin, Weimar, and near Neuzelle, Brandenburg. As a member of the North German, and afterwards of the first German Reichstag, he manifested the Prus- sian party spirit, which is also apparent in his political pamphlets and his poetic productions. His early dramas, although favorably commented upon, did not find their wa.y to the stage, but Ulricli ton Ilutten (1840), lleniiiiiin der Cherus- ker (1801), and Der Grosse Kurfurst (1851, new version 1865) were repeatedly performed. He also published two collections of patriotic songs, Konig Wilhelm tind seiii Ileer ( 1808), and Kaiser iiud Reich (1872), and the biblical epics Hiob ami Die Bergpredigt (1885). KOSTER, Laurens .Tanszoox. See Coster. KOS'TER, or COSTER, Samiel (1579-1G62). A Dutch dramatist. He was born at Amster- dam, studied at Leyden, and subsetiuently became physician at the infirmary in iiis n;itive city. His c-Kcellent plays and his establishment of the Nederduitsche Academic (1617). a society which gave great encouragement to the earlier ilramatie authors of Holland, earned for him the title of 'founder of the theatres of Amsterdam.' His comedies include: t^/iet inn dc rijrhc man (1015) and Boereklucht van Teeuieis de liocr en mejuffer von flrevelinckhuyscn (1612). His tragedies include Is'ihella. which was performed at the Castle of Muiden in 1018: Ili/s (1616), Iphitjenia (1617), and I'obisrna (1630). They luue been frequently re|)rinted. Consult the monograph on Kostcr by Rossing (Leyden,' 1875). KOSTLIN, kest'Wn, Christian Reinhoi.d (1813-51)). -V German poet and criminal jurist, born at Tubingen, where he established himself !is privat-docent in 1839, after h:iving studied law (here .Hid. in Heidelberg and Berlin. He acquired his re|)iitation as a writer on criminal law with Die Lehre vom Mord uitd Totschlag (1838). His later publications include: Der Wcndcpunkt dcs deiitschen tftrafierfahrens im 'ncunzchntcn Jahrhundcrt (1849); Die flesehirornengcrichtc (1851); Gesehichte des deutschcn Strafrechts (1859). Under the pseudonym C. Reinhold he wrote rooms and stories, which appeared collected in 1847-48 and 1853. KOSTLIN", .Tui.irs (1826-1902). A German Protestant theolrgian. born in Stuttgart, where he became vi<'ar in 1850. after having traveled through England and Scotland. Subsequently he was professor of theology at the universities of