Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/657

* KOREAN LANGUAGE. 595 KORNEE. There is no letter /, p taking its place, and no V or »■, which, however, are in the language, and are otherwise provided for; 6, d, j, z, and g are wanting, though disocriiible in speech in con- nection with certain euphonic changes, and there is only one letter for r and I, neither of which can begin a word, their place being taken by n, so that Chinese Vuinti, 'oun(:e.' becomes nyany. A word may end with either a consonant or a vowel. difTering in this respect from Japanese, in which every syllable is ojien. These letters are grouped into syllables, arranged in columns, which are read from riglit to left, as in Chinese. There is a cursive form used in tlie popular literature, etc. Korean literature is mostly written in Chi- nese, and consists of the Chinese classics and books relating to thein, Chinese history and phi- losophy, works on government, ethics, and tlie like. Many of them are valuable and throw light on the interpretation of Chinese, as they are accompanied by the native syntactical apparatus, and sometimes with translations in native Kore- an. The vernacular has long been despised by the learned as a vehicle of literary expression, and there is little of much value in Onmun. There is no drama, and there are no ballads; tales are numerous ; history, and stories from the Chi- nese, moral treatises, and translations from standard Chinese works practically exhaust the list. The native language, however, has already emerged from its obscurity. The new political changes of 1897 were proclaimed in Onmun. BiBLiOGK.PUy. Works on the subject are al- ready quite numerous, but their value to the general reader is minimized by the great diver- sity of transliteration systems employed. The appendix to tJrillis, Corea, the Hennit Xatioii (New York, 1S,S!)), gives much bibliographical information. The most useful works are: Dic- tioniiaire Corri'n-francdix, by the French mis- sionaries (Yokohama. I.SSO). and (jrammaire Goreene (Y'okohama, 1881); Underwood, Intro- duotion to the Kuicun Spolxcn Language, with a Korean-English vocabulary (Y'okohama, 1890); Scott, Cnrtiin Muniiul (Seoul, 1893); Cale, Ko- rean-English Dictionurii (London, 1897); and Han-Yiing i'ha Ti/oii : a Korean-English Dietion- ary (Yokohama. 1897); .llen. Korean Tales (New York, 1SS9) ; and a rich mine of informa- tion in the Korean Repository (5 vols., Seoul, 1893-98), and its successor, the Korean Revieio (Seoul. 1901 et seq.). KO'RESHAN ECCLESIA, The, or CiiuRcn Abchtril'Mpii.^nt. a comiuuuistie body, founded by Cyrus R. Teed (boru in Utica, N. Y'., 1839, and a physician by profession ). The terms Koreshan, Koreshanity, etc., arc derived from Koresh, the Hebrew form of Cyrus. They have three communities, two in Chicago and one at Estero, Lee County, Fla., which are said to be prosperous, and include 10,000 members. It is claimed that Teed is "the new Messiah now in the world." and many extravagant doctrines, both scientific and ei'ondiiiic, are taught. They have an organ. The Flaming Hicord, published at Chi- cago. Consiilt Hinds, American Communities (Chicago, 190-2). KO'RIAKS (reindeer people). One of the nortlicastern members of the Siberian section of the Mongolian race. They inhaldt the country (coast and interior) between the Tchuklchis and the Kamtchadales. and are in part fishermen and in part wandering or semi-settled herdsmen, whose possession of the reindeer has raised them above the condition of some of the neighboring tribes, both physically and mentally. The Ko- riaks number some .5000, and are divided into several tribes. They are said to bear a striking resemblance to some of the natives of Arctic North America. Some ethmdogists include them in the 'Paleasiatie' group, which consists of races once of more southern range, but now driven to the northeast by advancing peoples from the Asiatic interior. The languages of the Koriaks, Tehuktchis. and Kamtchadales seem to be related. Consult: Winkler, TJralaltaisehe Volker und Spraehen (Berlin, 1884); Kennan, Tent Life in Siberia (New Y'ork, 1870-79). KO'RIN (African name). The common ga- zelle of North Africa. KORISTKA, kor-zhlst'ka. Karl os (1825 — ). An Austrian geographer and technologist. He was born at Briisau, in Moravia, studied at Vienna, and at an early age became a student in the school of mining and forestry at Schemnitz. In 18.51 he was eh'cled professor of mathematics and geodesy in the (Jerman pol.vtech- nical school at Prague. He exerted a wide in- fluence in the development of the technical and professional schools of Austria. He was also nuich occupied in orographical and hypsomctrical stiulies and explored several of the mountainous regions of Europe, where he obtained a large number of levels and heights. Froui 1867 to 1809 he was a representative in the Diet of Bohemia and in the Vienna Reiehsrat. Besides numerous memoirs, mostly written in German and in. French, he wrote for many reviews and journals. Among his principal works may be mentioned: Studien iiber die Methoden und die Benutzung hypso- metriseher Arbeiten (Gotha, 18.58) ; Die Xlark- grafsehaft Miihren und das TJerzoglum Hehlcsien in ihren geographisehen Terhiiltnissen (Vienna, ISnO) ; Hypsometrie von Mahren und Sehlesioi (Briinn, lSfi3) ; Der hiihere polyteehnische Un- terrieht in Deutsehland. der Sehieeiz, in Frank- reieh, Belgicn und England (Gotlia. 18(13); Die Hohe Taf'ra (ib.. IStii) ; Das Millel- und Sand- steingebirge in Btihmen (Pragiw, 18ti9) ; Das Iser- und Ifiesengehirge (ib., 1877); ]'erzeiehniss der trigonometrischen Boheii von BUhmen {ib., 1884). KRNER, ker'ner, CnRisTiAN Gottfried ( 17.')(i-lS31 ) . A (Jerman author and friend of Schiller, born at Leipzig. He studied law at Giittingen and Leipzig, and in 1783 became chief councilor of the consistory at Dresden; was appointed to the ollice of judge in the Court of .ppeals in 1790. and in 1811. after thirteen years as Referrndar in the Privy Council, re- turned to the appellate court. His home was a gathering-place for the literary men of the time. He corresponded with Goethe, and was very in- timate with Schiller, who lived with him nuich of the time between 178o and 1787. During the Russian ocoipation of Leipzig he was Russian Government counselor, and then entered the Prus- sian service (181,5) at Berlin, where he was State councilor and later Priy Councilor in the new Ministry of Education. His best-known work was the anonymous Aesthetisehc Ansiehtrn (1808); but of greater importance is Sehillcrs Bricf- ireehsel mit Krirner (ed. by Goedeke, Leipzig, 1874; by Geiger, Stuttg.irt," 1895-96) . He also