Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/641

* KOLLOCK. 581 works may be mentioned: "Road in Normandy," tlic ""Italiiin Brigand," "Wasliing in Pont-Aven, France," and "The Gossips." KOLMAR, kol'raiir. The capital of the Dis- trict of Upper Alsace, in the German Reiehsland of Alsace-Lorraine (Map: Germany, B 4). It stands on a plain near the Vusges, about ten miles west of the Rhine, with which it is connected tlirough a liranch canal by the Rhine-Rhone Canal, and 41 miles south-sonthwest of Strass- 1 urg. Among the principal buildings are the Calliedral of Saint ^Martin, liegun in the tliir- tecntli century, a fine Gothic liuilding. with in- teresting sculptures and a rare painting of the Madonna in a rose-arbor, by Martin Scliongauer; the old Dominican convent and church of Unler- linden, now used as a museum and containing the town libraiy of 80.000 volumes; the court-house and town hall. There are fine schools and chari- table institutions, and monuments to the town's distinguished citizens. Vegetables, tobacco, and the vine are grown extensively around Kolniar, and it is a chief seat of the cotton manufacturing in Alsace. Other manufactures are pai)er, leather, machinery, soap, candles, wagons, pipes, ribbons, and hosiery. The sculptor Bartholdi was a na- tive of Kolmar. Population, in 1890, ,30,300; in 1900, 30.700. Kolmar was known to the Romans as Columbarium. It was made a free Imperial city in 1226, and under a democratic form of governnipnt ra])idly became one of the most prosperous cities in Upper ALsace. Forti- fied in 1552, its fortifications were razed in 1673 by Louis XIV. In 1678 it was ceded to France by the Peace of Nimwegen, but was restored to Germany in 1871 by the Peace of Frankfort. Consult Annalen mid Chrmiik von Kolmar (Leipzig, 1807). KO'LOKOTKO'NIS, Tiieodoeos""( 1770-1843 j . A Greek general, born at Karytcna, Arcadia. He fought successfully against the Turks at Tripo- litza, Nauplia, Corinth, Patras, Argos, and in several other engagements. He became com- nianderin-chief in 1823 and vice-president of the E.vccutive Council in 1825. In 1831 he was elect- ed provisional member of the Government estab- lislied after the assassination of Capo d'lstria, but under Russian influence he turned against the existing rfgimo. He joined in a conspiracy against the regency established during the mi- nority of King Otho, and was condemned to death for high treason in April, 1834. This sen- tence was commuted by Otho to imprisonment at Nauplia, and wlien Otho began his reign, June 1, 1S35, Kolokotronis received a full pardon and was restored to his rank as general. He lived t liencefortli at .thens until his deatli. His auto- liiography was ])ublished in 1840 (in an English version. Kolokolrniiis, the Klc/iht and the War- lior, London. 1802). KOL'OMAN, Hung. KALMAN, k-il'man. An lliingarinn king, who reigned from lOO.'i to 1114, and one of tl;p iuost prominent members of the royal House of Arpad. He ascended the throne on the death of his uncle, Ladislas the Holy, and two years afterwards suppressed an insur- rection of the Croats. In 1102 he had himself crowned King of Croatia and Dalmatia. He spent the three following years conquering the Dalmatian seaport towns. His war against Galicia was not less fortunate. During the second half of his reign his brother Almos made KOLTSOFF. repeated attempts to revolt. He marred hi.s otherwi.se illustrious career by causing his brother and the hitter's son Bela, later King Bela II., to bo blinded. He was succeeded by his son, Stephen II. KOLOMEA, ko'16-ma'a. A town in Galicia, Austria, situated on the Pruth, 42 miles by rail northwest of Czernowitz (Map: Austria, J 2). It has a town hall and a gymnasium. Pottery is the chief manufacture, and there is some trade in raw products. Pojjulation, in 1890, 30,235; in 1000, 34,188, chiefly Jews and Poles. KOLOM'NA. A river-port .and chief town of a district in the Government of Moscow, situ- ated 75 miles southeast of the city of that name, on the River Moskva (Map: Ru.ssia, E 3). It has an ancient Church of the Resurrection, two monasteries, two gymnasia, hospitals, and a num- ber of charitable institutions. In its vicinity are extensive copper and iron works, manufactures of engines, cars, .steamers, etc. Weaving, silk- spinning, and cotton-printing are also carried on. The trade in grain is declining. Population, in 1897, 20,970. Kolomna is first mentioned in 1177. KOLTSOFF, kol-tsof, Aleksey Va.silyevitcii (1808-42). An eminent Russian lyric poet. He was the son of a Voronezh cattle-dealer and re- ceived little education. The first verses that came to his hands he sang to improvised tunes, positive as he was that all verse was song. The study of Lomonosofl', Derzhavin, Zhukofski, and Pushkin had as its immediate result a number of imita- tions, which were severely criticised by Sere- bryanski, himself a gifted young poet. The latter was KoltsolT's real instructor in literature. When about twent}' he passed through an unfortunate love affair with the serf Dunyasha, whom his father immediately sold to a Cossack for fear of a misalliance. In 1831 his first published poems brought him many admirers. About this time he visited Saint Petersburg and Moscow and met the great writers of the period. In 1837 Zhu- kofski introduced him to Nicholas I. as a poet with a national reputation. After 1838 he w-as under the immediate guidance and protection of the celebrated Byelinski, who thought him su- perior even to Pushkin in some respects. After another love affair KoltsolT fell sick and died in 1842. Aside fjom his first imitative lyrics, his work was entirely original. His songs of the second group, though simple in form, tone, and language, describe with wonderful art the beauti- ful southern nature of the steppes and the hard life of the Russian peasant. The themes and the facts are the same as in the 'popular' songs, but the treatment is different; there is always felt the strong individuality of the poet. The Dumas (Meditations) — forming the third group — which deal with questions of faith, the universe, science, man and his moral destiny, are inferior to those of the preceding group. Though displaying the same external qualities and the same earnestness and depth of feeling, they raise all these great questions only to leave them un- solved, as the poet had very little philosophical training. A complete edition of his poems, with a biog- raphy of the author, was published hv Bvelinski in 1840 (tth ed. 1863): the latest (second) edi- tion of his works is by Ars. Ovedyenski (Saint Petersburg, 1895), with letters to various people.