Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/589

* KIUPRILI. 533 KIWI. was captured, and peace made with Venice. His last years were spent in war with Poland, dur- ing which he was several times defeated by Sobieski (q.v.). — Mustapiia (died 1691) was a brother of Ahmed. He had sulliciont influence over .Muluuinncd IV. to induce liim not to kill bis brother Solyman, and hence when the latter in IfiST overthrew -.MoiiiinuMcd, and became Sul- tan as Solyman III., he remembered the service, and in 1U89 made Musta])ha Grand Vizier. He re-established order in internal afl'airs, but in the war against Austria he was killed in the battle of Salankamen, August 19, 1G91. Consult: Brosch, Geschichteii aits dent Leben dreicr (jross- wesire (Gotha, 1899) ; Creasy, History of the Ottoman TurKs (London, 1877). See Turkey. KItrSHIU, kyoo'sliiTo', Kyushu, or Kiu-siu (.Sinico-.Japanese, Nine Provinces). One of the five large islands which form the main part of the Empire of .Tapan. and the most southerly of the three whieli form Japan proper. It is sepa- rated from Hondo, or the main island, by the Straits of Shinionoseki. and from Shikok, the smallest of the three, by the Straits of Bungo (Map: .Japan, B 7). Area, 13,778 square miles; population, in 1898, 6,3.')7,.')51. It takes its name from the fact that it consists of nine provinces: Chikuzcn. Chd<ugo. Buzen, Bungo, Ilizen. Higo, Hiuga, Osumi, and Satsuma. For administrative purposes it has been divided since 1874 into seven l:en or prefectures: Nagasaki, Fukuoka, Oita, Saga, Kumamoto, Miyazaki, and Kago- shima. The island is mountainous and volcanic; the highest jjeak, Aso-yama. in Higo, has a height of 5240 feet, and is an active volcano. Many hot springs and solfataras are found in the island. Coal is found in many jdaces, and is extensively mined at Takashima, Karatsu, etc. Copper and antinlony are also found. Hizen and Satsuma are noted for their potteries, and Arita and Imari ware are well known. Besides the usual rice, wheat, millet, hemp, and beans, Kiushiu produces tea, tobacco, and vegetable wax. The island is remarkable for the broken character of its coasts, especially on the west side. It has many good harbors. Nagasaki (q.v.) is the treaty port, but in 1889 five special ports of export were opened: iloji, Hakata. Karatsu. Jlisumi. and Kuchinotsu. Riihvays have been introduced, and run from Moji, a new town built by the rail- way, opposite Shimonoseki, to Kumamoto and Kagoshinia. with several short branch lines, chiefiy coal roads, that to Nagasaki (80 miles) being the longest. Kiushiu is rich in historical associations. It was from Hiuga that .limmu- Tennci (q.v.) set nut on his concpicring and civiliz- ing mission: .Tingo-Kogo (q.v.) started from Kiushiu on her expedition to Korea; and It was fnnn this island that Taikosaina's expedi- tion for the conquest of Korea and China set out in 1.592. In 1.542. when Pinto discovered Japan, it was into a Kiushiu lunbor he sailed. Chris- tianity was first proclaimed here by the Jesuits, and here was their sorest persecution ; and until the opening of the country by treaty, .lapan's eonunercial transactions with Europe" were eon- ducted here. KIWI, ke'wf (Maori name, and in native speech usually douliled, hiiri-kiii-i. in imitation of the bird's repetitive notes). One of the small, wingless, archaic birds of New Zealand compos- ing the genus Apteryx, which is considered by some a family (Apterygidte) or as an ordinal group (Apterygcs) of the subclass iiatita; (q.v.). and by others only a genus of an order (Megi- stanes), which includes the moas, emeus, and cassowaries. This strange bird, widely known as the 'apteryx' since its first description by .Shaw in 1813, was a puzzle to ornithologists mitil the accumulation of material enabled Varrell in 1833 definitely to assign it to its proper place, and led (Jwen to investigate its anatomy so completely that (sup])leinented bj- Parker's later studies) the structure of few birds is even now more thoroughly known. Up to that time few had been seen alive by naturalists or voyagers, and it was not until 1847 that two species became known, and in 18.50 a third. In 1851 the first living S|iecimen reached England, and since then .several others have been kept alive for long periods in zordogical garilens, and have even laid eggs, but these have not hatched. In 1872 a complete ac- count of the liird was furnished by Sir V. Buller, the ornithologist of New Zealand. This fullness of knowledge is very fortunate, for this bird, so highly interesting as a relic of past times and an ob.solete fauna (see Moa), is on the verge of extinction. Three species are now recognized: Tlie kiwi of the Soutliern Island of New Zealand (Apteryx Austrnlis) ; that of the North Island {Apteryx Mantclli) : and a third very ditVerent one (Apteryx Oiccni) said to occur in Imth isl- ands. A fourth species (Apteryx Uausli) has been described {[bis, London, 1872), but it is of uncertain identity. Tlie kiwis are about the size of domestic fowls, and are robust in form, with massive legs and feet, having a short hind toe (not present in other existing Ratila>). no visible wings or tail, a ver_' long, down-curved flexible bill, with the nostrils at the extreme end, and a covering of iooscly vaned, almost hair-like feathers, which have no aftershaft. The southern and northern kiwis are dark reddish brown, striped lengthwise with yellowish brown, but Owen's kiwi, which is nuich smaller than the others, is light grayish brown transversely barred with black. Fossilized species are also known from remains found in company with the bones of moas. The females are a'jout one-sixth larger than the males, a fact connected with their extraordinary reproduction, for the female lays only one yellowish-white egg (or uncommonly two) annually, which is gigan- tic in proportion to the size of the bird, that of the North Island species measuring 5 by 3 inches, or nearly a quarter the bulk of the mother's body. This is deposited in a depression in the ground, and is iiirubatcd wholly by the male; and the young one when hatched is well grown, well feathered, and .able to take care of itself. nu'se birds are natives of the mountainous forested parts of New Zealaiul; they are entirely nocturnal in their habits, and doze inertly in the daytime, in a rolled-up attitude. In former days, when they were numerous, they went about in small companies, and toward morning the woods rang with their shrill cries. The loss of flight power is compensated by great strength of the feet (the sharp claws of the toes are good weapons), and they run swiftly. Tlieir food con- sists mainly of earthworms, which are obtained by plunging the bill deeply into the ground, the location of the worm having been detected, prob- ably, by the sense of smell aided by that of touch. The nostrils dilTer from those of all other