Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/583

* KIT. 52T KITCHEN-MIDDEN. socks, boots, brushes, etc. ; and a water-bottle. With ritle, belt, pouches, ammunition, and bayo- net, the total weight is about sixty-si. pounds. The German is provided with grcat-uoat, blanket, giouiid sheet, a quarter of a tent and pole, a mess-tin, and an axe. His knapsack con- tains a spare pair uf bouts, three pairs of socks — or, if he is a Bavarian, footcloths — spare uniform, brushes, etc. ; when tlio rille and bayonet, ammu- nition, etc., are added, 72 pounds is its lowest estimate. French soldiers are similarly burdened, cwept that ill place of waterproof sheet or haver- sack, the company cooking-pots are distributed, which brings the weight carried by each man fully up lo Uiat of his German neighbors. The Eussian carries oulv 68 pounds of kit, having neither blanket nor waterproof sheet. KIT-CAT CLUB. A famous London club, foiiiid"d, it is said, in 1703, for the encouragement of art and literature. Its members — originally thirty-nine, but afterwards forty-eight in number — were all ^V^ligs. The publisher .Jacob Tonson was made secretary. The club derived its name from having met for some time at the tavern of Christopher Cat. near Temple Bar. Consult Memoirs, with account of its origin (London, 1821). KITCHEN CABINET. In American politi- cal history, the name applied to a small group of men who, during the Administration of Presi- dent Jacksrai, without holding any important of- ilces, were generally supposed to influence the action of the President more than did the mem- bers of the Cabinet themselves. Of these un- official advisers the four most prominent were ilajor William B. Lewis. Second Auditor of the Treasury; Isaac Hill, editor of the Scir Hamp- shire Pniriot and Second Comptroller of tlic Treas- ury'; Amos Kendall, Fourth Auditor of the Treas- ury; Duff Green, editor of the United t^tates Telegraph, who, however, became alienated from Jackson in 1830, during the latter's quarrel with Calhoun ; and Francis P. Blair, Sr.. editor of the (llohv, which in 1831 superseded the L'nited Slates Idtpruph as the organ of the Administra- tion. Consult Parton. The Life of Andrea- Jack- son, vol. iii. (Xew York, 1860). KITCHENER, ktchVn-er, IIon.Tio Herbert, first Viscount Kitchener of Khartum, of the Vaal, and of Aspall. Sutlolk (1850 — ). A British gen- eral, the eldest son of Lieut.-Col. Henry Horatio Kitchener, of Ossington. Leicestershire, and Anne Frances, daughter of the Rev. Dr. Chcvallier. of Aspall Hall, Suffolk. He was born Sei)tcniher 22, 1850, at Gunsborough Villa, near Ballylongford, Kerry, Ireland. After education at the Royal Military Academy. Woolwich, he entered the army as a lieutenant of royal engineers in 1871. In .January of the same year, as a private in the Sixth Battalion of the Mobile Guard, attached to the Second .rmy of the Loire, under General Chanzy. be had participated in the disastrous re- treat after the defeat at Le Jlans. having enlisted under French colors while <m a visit lo Dinan. From 1874 to 1882 he was engaged on survey work and civil organization in Palestine and Cyprus, with a brief interval of residence at Erzerum, as ViceCfnsul of. atolia from 1870 to 1880. In 1882 Sir Evelyn Wood appointed him. as a volunteer, to one of the two ma jorships of Eg^'p- tian ca^alrj-. In 1884. as quartermaster-general and deputy assistant adjutant, he was actively engaged in the vain attempt to keep open com- muniiatiou for the Xile expedition to relieve Gen- eral Gordon (q.v.) at Khartum. In 1885 he was commissioner in the delimitation of Zanzibar as a British protectcrate. The following year he attaineil the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and was made a C.-M.G. Returning to Kgjpt, he became pasha in the native army, and until 1888 was Governor of Suakiii. In Ajiril, 1888, he attained the rank of colonel in the British .rmy, and in December of that year, while leading the troops at the battle of Uaudoub, was seriously wounded. In 188'J he received sjjecial mention in the dis- patches, and was created C'.B. for his part in the action at Toski under General Grenfell. After the conclusion of the Eastern Sudan campaign he was engaged for four years as adjutant -general and second in command of the Egyptian Army, and also as ins|)eetor-general of police. In 1892 he was made Sirdar or commander of the Egv'ptian forces, with the Britisli rank of brigadier-general. He was created K.C.M.G. in 18t)4. During this lieriod he was steadily engagetl in completing ]ireparations for the recovery of the lost provinces of Upper Egjpt, which had been under Mahdist rule since 1SS3. The campaign commenced in iS96 with the capture of Doiigola. For this ser- vice Kitchener received the Osmanieh Grand Gor- don, xas created K.C.B. and advanced to major- general. With the overthrow of the Khalifa, the ilahdi's successor, at the battle of Omdur- mau, and the capture of Khartum on September 2, 18!:i8, he completed the defeat of the Dervishes. He was welcomed with acclamation on his return to England, received a peerage with the title of Baron Kitchener of Khartum and of Aspall (. Suffolk ), was voted the thanks of both Houses of Parliament and a grant of £30.000 ($150,000). His sugg.'stion for the foundation of a uni- versity at Khartum was promptly acted upon, and the funds for the purpose were quickly raised by public subscription. In 18!t',l he was appointed Governor-General of the Sudan. .•fter General Buller's defeat in the Trans- vaal War, Lord Roberts was appointed com- mander-in-chief in South Africa, and chose Lord Kitcliener as his chief of stall. During 1000 Kitchener rendered valuable aid in facilitating Lord Roberts's marches across the veldts and in the annexation of the Boer republics. During the dutiv's coiinected with the maintenance of the lines of communication with Cape Colony, he was in frequent contact with Boer contingents, and oji one occasion narrowly escaped ca])ture at the hands of General De Wet, whom he de- feated toward the end of the year. In Decem- ber. 1000. Ficld-llarsha! Roberts returned to England, and Kitchener assumed chief command. His measures resulted in the aceeptaiice of peace conditions by the Boers on May 31. 1002. For this service Kitchener was created viscount, and again was the recipient of ovations on his return to England. The same year he was appointed eommander-in-cliief of the army in India. Con- sult Steevens, With Kitchener to Khartum (Lon- don, 1898). KITCHEN-MIDDEN (k-itchen + midden, refuse-heap, after the equivalent Dan. kjokkcn- miiddinfi) . Ancient refuse of a camp or village, in which arc found buried relics of human in- dustry and art. If they are on the seashore they are called shell-heaps, because inollusks enter largely into their mass. All over the world.