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* KIBCHBACH. 510 KIECHNEB. In 1888 he settled in Dresden, where he was editor of the M(ig<i:i)h fiir Litteratur des In- und Aus- landes. Sinfc ISOO he has resided in Berlin. His works include: Miirchen (1879); the romance Sahator h'osit (1880): Gedichle (1883); Kinder des lieichs (1883; under the title, yoidund Siid, 1885); Dcr Wcltfahrer (1891); Das Leben attf der Walzf (1892); and the dramatic works: ^Yaihlitl!lc|■ ( 188G) ; Der Mei,schenl;eimer{SSS) ; Die letzlen Mcnschen (1800) ; Warum Frauen die Manner lichen (1892); and Des Sonnenreiches Untergangi 1894) ; and the miscellany, i7mLebeH«- Intch (1885). KIBCHENTAG,. kerK'en-tao, Evangeuscheb (Ger.. evangelical church-day). An association of ministers and laymen of the Lutheran, (Jer- man Kefornied. United Evangelical, and Mora- vian churches in Germany, for the promotion of the interests of religion, without reference to their deno7ninational difl'erences. The first meet- ing took ])Uicc in 1848, at Wittenberg, in the church to which Luther affi.ed his theses. Sub- sequent meetings were held, at first annually, later at irregular intervals, till 1872. The strict LutJierans never joined the movement ; Hengstenberg, Stalil, and their followers with- drew in 18.57, and some years later Lipsius, Schenkel. and their group. KIKCHEB, kerK'er, AlHAXASirs (1601-80). A Roman Oitholic scholar. He was born at Geisa. near Fulda, May 2. 1601, Ijecame a Jesuit (1618), and professor of mathematics, philos- ophy, and Oriental languages at the University of Wiirzburg. In 1635 he fled from the dis- orders of the Thirty Years' War to France, and spent two years in the Jesuits' college at Avi- gnon in the study of antiquities. He was prepar- ing to return to Germany as professor of nuithe- matics at Vienna when he received an order to repair to Rome, and obeyed. In 1637 he accom- panied Cardinal Frederick of Saxony to Malta, and was received with great honor by the Knights of 8aint John. For eight years he was professor of the Collegium Komanum at Rome, and then, without a professcfrship, continued his archjeo- logical studies. He died in Rome. Xovember 28, 1680. He collected a splendid museum of anti- quities, which lie left to the Roman College. He was a man of extensive and varied erudition, and a copious writer. Of his numerous works the most important are: Prodroinus Coptiis sive .T^gyp- tiaciis (lC3(i); Luliiini, with maps and figures (1671); China lUustratn (1667); Mundiis Sub- terraiwus (1664); OCdipus .tJgiiptiacus (1652- 55). Consult his Life bv Brischar (Wiirzburg, 1876). KIECHHOFF, kfrK'hAf. Adolf (1826—1. An eminent (icnnan classical philologist. He was born at I5erlin, and has been professor in the viniversity of his native city since 1865. Kirch- hoff's scientific studies have covered a wide range in linguistics, antiquities, and Greek epig- raphy. In each field his work has been distin- guished. Of his very numerous publications the )nost important .ire: Zh)ibrische Sprarhdcnktniilrr (1849-51); kiiripides (1855). the first critical edition based on a careful collation of all the manuscripts; Die Ilomerische Odiissee vnd ihre Eiitstrhiing (1859) ; Die Composition der Odi/ssee (1869) ; Stitdicn ziir fleschichte des griechischen Alphabets (4th ed. 1887). the most important work on the subject. His works further include many monographs on Athenian finaneial admin- istration, Greek literature, etc. He has edited riotinus (1856); /Eschylus (1880); Xenophon's Hespuhlica Atheniensium (3d ed. 1889) ; etc. He was editor of the Christian inscriptions in the fourth volume of the Corpus Iruscriptionum (irwcarum (1859), and of the Corpus Inscrip- tionum Atticarum, vols. i. and iv. (Berlin, 1873 — ), and was an editor of Uermes (1866-81). KIRCHHOFF, Alfred (1838— ). A German geographer and naturalist, born at Erfurt. He was educated at Jena and Bonn; from 1871 to 1873 was lecturer on geography at the Kriegs- akademie of Berlin, and in the latter year was appointed to the chair of geography in the University of Halle. His writings include: Schulbotanik (1865) ; Pflanzen- und Tierverhrei- tung (1890); Mcnschen und Erde (1901); and, in collaboration with other scholars, Vnser Wis- sen nm der Erde (1886-93). KIBCHHOFF, Gusiav Rorert (1824-87). A German physicist, born at Kiinigsberg. He studied natural philosophy and mathematics at the University of Kiinigsberg. In 1850 he became professor of physics at Breslau, in 1854 at Heidelberg, and from 1875 until his death filled the chair of physics at the University of Berlin. His researches in thermodynamics and in several other branches of physical science have been of great value: but his principal achieve- ment is the discovery, jointly with Bunsen, of the spectroscope. The discovery was perfected in 1859, and was puldished un<ler the title, Unter- suchnngen iiber das ,^onnenspclitrum und die Spektren der chemischen Elemente. Kirchhoff's (lesammelte AbhandJungen were published in 1882 and 1891. KIBCHMANN, kerK'niSn, Juurs voi^ (1802- 84) . A German jurist and philosopher, born near Merseburg. He was educated at Leipzig and Halle. In 1846 he was made State's attor- ney in the Criminal Court of Berlin, and two jears afterwards was chosen to the Prussian National Assembly. From 1871 to 1876 he was a member of the German Reiclistag. He first at- tracted attention as a philosopher by his brochure Die Wertlosigkeit der Juris^pruden: als Wissen- scliaft (1848). His other philosophical writings include: Ueber Unsterbliehheit (1865) ; Aesthetik auf realislischcr (Irundlagc (18(i8) : translations of parts of Aristotle, Bacon, Grotius, Hume, Leibnitz, and Spinoza, and a remarkable edition of Kant in the Philosophische Bibliothck. edited by him (1868 et seq.), and of Hobhes. De Cire (1873). His philosophy was an attempt to mediate between realism and idealism. Consult Lasson and Meineke. Julius ton Kirchnvann als Philosoph (Halle. 1885). KIBCHNEB, kerK'ner, Theodob( 1824-1903). A German composer, born at Neukirchen, Saxony. From 1S38 to 1842 iie studied in I^ijizig under J. Knorr (piano) and K. F. Becker (organ and theory). He subsequently was a pupil of J. Schneider in Dresden, and of the Leipzig Con- servatory for a short time, becoming in 1843 organist" at Winterthur. From 1862 to 1872 he was a teacher in the music school at Zurich, then became director of the Wiirzburg Conserva- tory (1873-75). and finally in 1890 settled in Hamburg. Schumann and Mendelssohn were his friends, and Kirehner was especially influenced by the former's music. His compositions are