Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/534

* KIERKEGAARD. 486 KIEV. and remained there until his death. His ill health and morbid teuiperauient prevented hid becoming known for many years, except as a busy student ; but lie was one of the most orig- inal of Danish writers and thinkers, and exerted a strong influence on the literary and religious thought of his country, not only by liis power as .a thinker, but through the force and brilliancy of his style. Although far from being an ortho- dox theologian, he taught that Cliristiauity is the rule and conduct of life. He wrote much in the form of sermons and sketches, as well as longer volumes, and adopted various pseudonyms, such as Victor Eremita, Hilarius Bogbinder, Frater Taciturnus. His most important works are: Entcn—Eller (Either— Or) (1843) ; titadicr paa Livcts Yei (Stages of Life) (1845); and Iiid^vche I Krisloidom (On Christian Training) (1850). Consult: Brandes, Hiircn Kirrlriiuurd (Copenhagen. 1877), and BUrthold, Die Bede-u- tiiiHi der iisthctischen Schriften Siircn Kicrkc- gaa'rds (Halle, 1879). KIERSY, kvar'se', EDICT OF. A capitulary of Charles the Bald (877). It was a temporary measure to protect the interests of Charles the Bald during his expedition into Italy. It recog- nized ( 1 ) that the fiefs of vassals who accom- panied the King on his expedition should be hereditary, and (2) asserted the royal right to dis])Ose of vacant fiefs. It was formerly sup- posed that this measure originated the feudal system. Consult Moiuimcntu tScrmanim Histo- rial. Leges, vol. i., p. 542. KIESERITE, ke'zer-it. A hydrated magne- sium sulplialc. foimd in the mines of Stassfurt, Germany. KIESERITZKY, kez'er-It'ski, Lionei, (180G- 53). A noted cliessplayer, born at Dnrpat. He lived in Paris, where he was well k-nown among chess-players. He invented the king's side at- tack, known as the 'Kieseritzky gambit.' KIESEWETTER, ke'zr-vet'er, R.phael Geokg (1773-18,10). An Austrian writer on music, born at Holleschau. iloravia. He was em- ployed in the Bureau of the Jlinistry of War, and after traveling in various countries settled (1801) in Vienna, where he studied under Al- brechtsberger and Hartmann. He made a splen- did collection of old musical manuscripts, upon which subject he was an authority. His Ixniks were in the field of historical research, and in- chule: (Irftchichle, drr furnpiiixch-nhmdUindixrhen Oder tinserrr heuiificn Musik (Leipzig, 1834; 2d ed. 1840) : Guido ron Are::zo. scin Lrhen vnd W'irkrn. (I^eipzig. 1840) ; and Die Musik d<?r Aralicr nnrh Oriflinalijuellfit (Leipzig, 1842). He died at Baden, near Vienna. KIEV, ke'yef. A government of Little Russia, occupying the larger portion of the Ukraine (q.v. ). Area., about 19.700 square miles. The northern part is low. thickly wooded, and in part swampy (Map: Russia. Do). In the west the surface is traversed by offshoots of the Carpa- thians. The central and southern portions have essentially a steppe character. The territory is watered chiefly by the Dnieper and its triliutaries. the Pripet arid the Teterev. The southern part belongs to the basin nf the Bug. Kiev is among the most fertile regions of European Russia. .Agriculture is the chief occupation : rye. wheat, oats, potatoes, and barley are the chief products. and there are extensive l)eet-root farms. Stock- raising is confined principally to the southern part, where the natural conditions are most favorable. The breeding of horned cattle is of particular importance, on account of the exten- sive use of oxen as a means of transportation. The local lueed of cattle is highly prized in Rus- sia. The manufacturing industries arc also highly developi'il. In 1890 there were in the govern- ment 812 industrial est;iblishments, with over 43,000 employees and an annual output valued at nearly .$00,000,000. The sugar-mills alone em- ]>loyed over 20,000 persons. The house industry is onlj- slightly developed, and a considerable pro- portion of the artisan population (over 120,000 in 1890) migrate for a part of the jear to the larger centres of the Empire. The trade is im- portant, and is to a large extent in the hands of the .Jews. Population, in 1S97, 3.570.125 — chiefly Little Russians, Jews, Poles, and Litliuanians. KIEV. The capital of a government and of n. general government of the same name, a third- class fortress, and the oldest of the famous cities in Ru.ssia (ilap: Russia. D 4). It is situated on the right bank of the Dnieper in latitude oO' 27' North and longitude 30° 30' East, 024 miles south- west of lloscow and 270 miles north of Odessa. It lies on and amid several hills. The lower parts of the town are annually flooded by the Dnieper. Kiev is divided into the three princijjal parts of Old Kiev, the upper town, Petehersk with the famous monastery and the old fortifications, and the lov'lying business quarter of Podol. There are besides twelve suburbs, incorporated with the city at comparatively recent periods. Two niag- nilicent iron bridges reach across the Dnieper. One of them is a cable bridge 3510 feet long. The prominent part played l)y Kiev, 'the mother of Russian cities,' in the political and ecclesiastical histoi-y of the nation naturally has had an influence on the local architecture, the ancient churches, monasteries, and historical re- mains making it one of the most interesting of cities. The Petcherskaya Lavra (monastery of caves, named in reference to the original build- ings) is a celebrated monastery. It was founded by the Metropolitan Hilarion in the eleventh century, and for a long time served as a model for other Russian monasteries. It was destroyed by the Tatars during their first invasion, hut was rebuilt in the fourteenth century. It occupies a prominent site on the Dnieper, is surrounded by strong walls, and forms a separate town with its streets of cells, inns, and cliurches. i)riiiting- presses, and schools. The great church of the monastery contains the tombs of many ecclesiasti- cal dignitaries, and its treasury is filled with ancient Bibles, sacred vessels and ecclesiastical costumes. The original caves of the monastery now possess the remains of numerous saints, and are visited annually by throngs of pilgrims from all parts of Russia. The Monastery of Saint Vladimir has a church of the twelfth century, with well-preserved ancient frescoes. The famous Cathedral of Saint Sophia, built by Varoslav. in IQ37, and modeled after the Church of Saint Sophia in Constantinople, has many specimens of ancient paintings and sacred relics. Other interesting ecclesiastical edifices are the Church of the Three Saints, founded hv the Grand Duke adimir in 989 and rebuilt in 1090; the Church of Saint