Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/522

* KHIVA. 47J: KHODAVENDIKYAR. the latter Khiva has 17, of which that of Pohvan- Ata is ihc lincst. Population, estimated at 0000. KHLESIi, klQ's'l (spelled also Ivlesel), JIel- ClllOR (Io5;ilu:i0). Au Austrian prelate and minister, Ijorn in Vienna. Protestant by educa- tion, he cnleri'd the Uonum Churcli, and rose through successive dignities to be Bishop of A'icnna (1002) and cardinal (1016). He also became chancellor to the Archduke Matthias, upon wliose accession to llie throne of the Empire his i)over, already formidable, was greatly in- oreascd. When in 1010, however, he counseled Ferdinand 11. and the hitter's ally, Ma.xiniilian, Duke ol liavaria. to desist from war with the Bohe- mians, he was imprisoned at Castle Ambras, in the Tyrol. Sunmioned to Kome (1622) for trial before the Curia, he was there acquitted. Ferdi- nand later ac(iuiesced in the decision of the Church, and in 1027 Khlesl returned to Austria. ]Iis extensive and valuable correspondence, edited by llanuner-Purgstall in the form of an auto- biographic study, appeared at Vienna in 1847- 51 (4 vols.). Consult, also, the work by Kersch- baunier. Kardiiial Klescl, Vienna, 1805. KHIilSTI, klls'ti (Russ., lasher). A Russian fanatical sect which originated about the middle of the seventeenth century. One Daniel Philipo- vitch, a renegade soldier, was the founder, and from him the sect is sonietinies called Danielites. Philipovitch wandered about the countr', declar- ing ihat he was God, and preaching certain com- mandments, lie adopti'd a son, who thenceforth was considered .Jesus Christ, the Son of God, and a young girl was cliosen as the virgin mutlior of God. The sect spread and still exists, notwith- standing altcMipts to suppress it. The conunand- ments of Philipovitch inculcated moral duties, in- cluding celibacy and abstinence from strong drink. Nevertheless the Khlisti are charged with indulging in immoral practices and revolting orgies. They meet at night in secret, and become ^vrought up to a high ]iitch of fanatical excite- ment. It is a part of their discipline to weaken the flesh and strengthen the spirit; accordingly they fast often and flog one another at their meetings. They call one another '.Saviour,' 'Re- deemer,' 'Christ,' and 'Mother of God,' and pray to each other as to gods. Many have been sent to Siberia and llie Caucasus. KHMELNITSKY, Kmel-nit'skI, Xikol.vi Iv.NOVlTCli (1780-1845). A Russian writer of comedies in verse, born at Saint Petersburg. He was first in the military seivice, and afterwards was Governor of Smolensk in 1820, and of Archangel in 1837, but retired the following year. His e.arliest literary attempts were metrical translations of MoliJre's Tnrtuffe and J/ecole des fcmmcs. Simple plots, natural characters, and easy flowing verses form the charm of his plays entitled, Voc(7;/.«7i)i!/c zainki ("Castles in Spain"). Uiisskii, Faust, Go'vorun ("The Prat- tler"), and others. His comedy Tsarkoc flloro ("The Vord of the Czar") was successful, and he wrote another historical drama called liotidati Chnticlnicki. His complete works Avere published at Saint Pi'tersb'.irg in four volumes (1840). KHMERS, kmerz. The primitive inhabitants of Cambodia, They are now to be found chiefly in the marshy regions of the south and the neighboring parts of Siam and Cochin-China, but were proiiably at an early period spread over a great portion of Southeastern Farther India. Their physical affinities have been the subject of much discussion, likewise their linguistic rela- tionship. Brinton (1800) calls them "a mixed people, descended partly from Jloiigolian ances- try, partly from Dravidiau and Aryan conquer- ors ;" Keane (1800) speaks of their language as having "(Jeeanie ( Jlalayo-Polynesian) allinities;" Deniker (1000) thinks that the Khmers "have sprung from the intermixing of the Malays and Kuis, with an infusion of Hindu blood at least in the higher classes of society." The KInners .seem to l)e somewhat taller, less broad-headed, and darker-skinned than the Annamise. .s^ianiese, etc. Their eyes are seldom typically iMongolian, and their hair is often wavy rather than straight. Though a people, in some respects, of quite a primitive tyi)e, they are undoubtedly the orig- inators of the generally majestic and simple basic principles of the architecture seen in the re- markable ruins of pyramids, temples, palaces, etc., of Angkor- Vat and elsewhere in the Khmer area. The original Khmer ideal has, however, been lightened by Indian inlluences, and perhaps other stimuli have also contril)uted to make the change from the first conception. Some of these ruins date from about the beginning of the Cliristian Era, but the most beautiful probably belong to the periixl a.d. 700-1400. Some au- thorities seem inclined to attribute too little in ilueuce to the Khmers in the construction of these wonderful monuiueiits, considering them almost entirel}' of foreign origin. It would be better, perhaps, to regard some of llieir peculiarities as due to dill'event flowerings of Khmer art at divers periods of the national history rather than as borrowings from outside. The modern Khmers who have behind thein these evidences of former civilizations are too readily stigmatized by cer- tain writers as mere 'degenerate descendants' of their cultured ancestors, preserving imly in metal-smithing some reeolleetions of their (dd- tinie glories. Probalily both the genius of the creators of the Kliiner ruins and the 'degeneracy' of their successors have been exaggerated. Be- sides the general works on Camliodia, Cochin- China. Siam, etc., by Aymonier. Moura, Garnier, Leniire, etc., the following more special treatises may be referred to: Fournereau. Le Niiim Ancicn ( Paris, 1805) ; Fournereau et Porcher, Leu ruines d'AiifiliOr (ib., 1800) ; Aymonier. Tcxlcs Kilmers, etc. (ib.. 1S78-!)1). . Khiiu r-Frriirh Diclionaii/ was ]mblished by Aymonii'r (Saigon, 1878). KHNUM, knoom. or CHNXJM. An Egyptian deity wursiiiped es]iecially in the vicinity of the first cataract of the Nile, where he is usually associated with the goddesses Sat^t and Anuket, worsliiped in the same district. His name wa.s connecte<l by the priests with a stem {Ichnm) signifying 'to form, fashion.' and in many Egyp- tion texts he is styled the creator of gods and men. He is often dejiieted ofliciating at the birth of kings, and forming the iiew-liniri child upon a. potter's wheel. His sacred animal was the ram, and he is generally represented in hu- man form, with the head and horns of a ram. In later times Chnum was regarded as a eosmical divinity. See Wiedemann, h'rlioion of the Ancient EilUpliinis- (New Vork. 1807), KHODAVENDIKYAR, Ko'dA-ven-de-kyiir', or Brus., a vilayet of Asiatic Turkey, occupy- ing the northwestern portion of Asia Minor, with an area of about 20,000 square miles, comprising portions of ancient Phrygia and Rithynia, It has a fertile soil and some manufactures, and its