Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 11.djvu/520

* KHATMANDTT. 472 KHEVENHULLER. council chamber in which Jung Bahadur disposed of his political enemies by a general massacre on September 15, 1846. A British Resident is sta- tioned at Khatmandu. Estimated population, in 1901, 50,000. KHAZABS, Kii'ziirz, or CHAZAHS. A Fin- nic people long extinct, who in the early part of the Middle Ages inhabited the region of the Caucasus and the Caspian and the steppes of Southeastern Russia. When at the height of their power, in the ninth century, they held sway as far west as the Dnieper and northward to the middle Volga. They had many important cities which carried on an extensive commerce. By some wTiters they are supposed to have been an indigenous people of the Caucasus, but the warlike movements and conquests which they carried on brought in admixtures so that the question of their ethnological position becomes a. difficult one. Contemporary accounts relate that they were fair, with black hair, and fine physical development, and that the women were beautiful and much sought after by the courts of Byzantium and Bagdad. As a commercial people, they possessed the good qualities of honesty and business ability, which made them successful. Their sovereigns were called Khakans. In the seventh century or a little later their Khakan, with a part of his people, embraced Judaism. The power of the Khazars endured only until about the beginning of the eleventh century. In 965 they suffered a defeat at the hands of the Russian ruler Sviatoslaff. and about 50 years later their dominion in the Crimea came to an end. They left no literary remains. KHEDIVE, k&'dev' (Turk, khidir, from Pers. khidif. khudiv. king, lord; connected with Pers. khudai, God, Lord, Av. xvadnia, self-determined, Skt. svadhd, self-determination, from sva. Lat. suus, one's own + dhS, Gk. nS^vat, tithfnai, Lat. con-dere, to place). The title granted in 1867 by the Sultan to Ismail Pasha, the Viceroy of Egypt, and his successors. See Ismail Pasha ; Egypt. KHEFKEN, kefrfn. See Ciiepheen. KHELAT, KC-lut', or KELAT. A town of Baluchistan (Map: Asia, Central. K 6). It is the residence of the Khan of Khelat, who exer- cises a suzerainty, more or less nominal, over the other khans of Baluchistan. The to^vn. situated on the slope of a hill more than 7000 feet above the sea, consists of mud-built houses, and is sur- rounded by a mud wall 30 feet high, with three gates. It is dominated by a citadel containing the Khan'f' palace. The town was occupied by England during the Afghan War in 18.39. when Merab Khan, the ruler, was killed during the assault on the fcrt. In 1854 the British ob- tained the right of maintaining a garrison here. In 1877 a treaty was concluded with the Khan, by which a British agent, with military escort, became resident at the Court of Khelat. The town has a good water-supply. Its industries are un- important, but its bazaar is the centre of a considerable domestic trade in Hindu wares and the products of the surrounding region. Popula- tion, 14,000. KHEMNITZEB, Kem'nits-er. Iva:^ Ivaxo- vrrcTT. A Russian writer of fables. See Chem- jnTZER. KHEPERI, ka'pS-r*. An Egyptian deity. See SCAEAB.SCS. KHEBASKOFT, Ke'rA-skfif, Mikhail Mat- VEVEVircii ( 17.'i;MS07). A Russian poet. He was born in Pereyaslavl, Government of Poltava, and was descended from a family of Wallachian boyars. After serving in the army, he was ap- pointed assessor of the University of Moscow upon the foundation of that institution in 1755. Here he passed the greater part of his life, be- coming successively inspector of typography, director (1763), and curator (1778-1801). He edited several journals, and devoted considerable attention to pedagogy. As a poet he has been termed the 'dean of Russian literature.' He dis- played great versatility, his works comprising tragedies, fables, novels, and miscellaneous poems. His most celebrated production is the Rossyada, the firsi great Russian epic to be published. It is conceived in the stjie of the .JCnrid, and describes the invasion of Kazan by Ivan tlie Terrible. The collected works of Kheraskoff were published, in 12 volumes, at Moscow, in 1796. KHEBSON, K6r-s6n'. A government of South Russia, bounded on the north by the governments of Kiev and Poltava, on the east by Yekaterino- slav, on the south by the Black Sea, and on the west by Bessarabia and Podolia (Map: Russia, D 5). Area, over 27,000 square miles. It lies mostly in the steppe region of Russia, and is practically without elevations. It is watered by the Dnieper, the Bug, and the Dniester, with their tributaries. In the north and northwest fertile stretches of black soil occur. In .some parts of the government, however, the rainfall is very inadequate. Marble and granite are found in certain localities, and iron near the eastern frontier. The climate is moderate but variable. Cereals are raised mostly in tlie northern part, while in the south more attention is paid to the raising of domestic animals and to the cultiva- tion of fruit. Tobacco and wine are produced to some extent. The chief industrial establishments are iron-foundries, flour-mills, machine-works, carriage-factories, etc. The annual production is valued at over $20,000,000. Population, in 1897, 2,732,832, consisting principally of Little Russians, Moldavians, Bulgarians, Greeks, Ger- mans, and .lews. Kherson has more German colonists than any other government in South Russia. Capital, Kherson. KHEBSON. Capital of the government of the same name in Russia, situated on the right bank of the Dnieper, about 20 miles above its mouth (Map: Russia, D 5). The river is here about 10 miles wide and contains numerous islets. The town is poorly built, consisting largely of mud huts. In the suburbs are situated the old fortifi- cations, and a church containing the remains of Prince Potemkin. Kherson is an important sta- tion on the Dnieper, and its trade with Odessa is extensive, although the foreign trade is now almost entirely concentrated at Odessa and Xikolayev. The chief industries are milling, wool- washing, and the manufacturing of tobacco prod- ucts. Kherson, founded by Prince Potemkin in 1778, was intended for a naval port, and was strongly fortified. In 1787, however, the naval port was removed to Xikolayev, and the fortifica- tions have since been abandoned. Population, in 1897. 69.219. KHEVENHTJLLER, ka'ven-hul'ler. Fbanz Christoph VON (1588-1650). An Austrian states- man and diplomat, bom at Klagenfurt. After a university education and extensive travel, he be-