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* KEY. 467 KEYES. he became lieutenant-colonel. After the war he joined the Republican Party, was a prominent member of the State Constitutional Convention in 1870, and in 1875 succeeded Andrew .Johnson in the United States Senate, serving until 1877, when he became Postmaster-General in President Hayes's Cabinet. In 1880 President Hayes ap- jioinled him I'nited States District .Judge for the Eastern and .Middle District of Tennessee, which position he held until his death. KEY, ki. Er.vst Axel He.nkik (1832—). A Swedisli anatmnist, born in Smaland. He studied at Lund, beiaiiie assistant surf;eon at the Sera- phim Hospital in Stockholm (18.58), and studied in Germany under Schultze and V'irchow. He was professor of patholocical anatomy in the Caroline Institute of Stockholm (18t)2-97), of which he was for many years rector. In 1882 he became a menib?r of the Swedish Lower House. Key edited Xordiskt mt^dicinskt Arkic (1869 sqq. ), and the valuable collection, Vr Vi'ir tids forskning (1872-78), and wrote: Studien in der Anatomie dcs Xcrrcnsiistems und dcs Binde- ijricehcs (1875-70). which won him the Montyon Prize from the French Academy. . He also wrote on the liistorv of Swedisli medicine, especially ophthalmology (1892); and Till kirurgiens his- torin i Sverige (1897). KEY, Fr.axct.s Scott (1780-184.3). A lawyer, born in Frederick County, JId.. August 9. 1780, noted in American letters as the author of "The Star-Spangled Banner." Key was a graduate of Saint .John's College, Annapolis, ild. He prac- ticed law at Frederick, ild., in 1801, and later removed to Washington, where he became District .ttorney of the District of Columbia. In 1814, during the attack of the British on Baltimore, he went on an errand, under a flag of truce, to the British fleet, but was detained while the bom- bardment of Fort McHenry, the defense of Balti- more, was taking place. He watched the progress of the fight from the British ship, during the night, and in the morniuL'. seeing the Stars and Stripes still waving triumphantly, composed his famous song. This was at once printed and be- came almost instantly popular. It was sung throughout the country to the tune "Anacreon in Heaven." and is to-d.iy perhaps the favorite heroic song of America. "The .Star-.Spanglcd Banner" was printed, with other poems by Key, in 1S57. the vohmie as a whole adding nothing to his reputation. He died in Washington. January 11, 1843. KEY, Thomas Hewitt ( 1799-1875). An Eng- lish Latin scholar, born in London. He gradu- aled at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1821. and studied medicine at Cambridge and at fiuy's Hospital. London, and in 1824 was called to the chair of mathematics in the University of Vir- ginia, then in its infancy. Ill health compelled his return to England in 1827. In 1828, when the University of London was founded, he accept- eil the professorshi]) of Latin there, and held it until 1811. From 1842 until his death, he was professor of comparative grammar in the same institution and was also head master of the pre- paratory school connected with University Col- lege. As .a philologist, he produced numerous pamphlets containing essays and reviews, and a controversial argument on Donaldson's Varroni- onua. He contributed to the Point/ CiirlnfKrdia and the Journnl of Education, and published a Latin Grammar on the System of Crude Forms (1846), Philological Lssays (I8G8), and Lan- guage, Its Origin and Development (1874). His best energies were given to the construction of a Latin-English Dictionary (1888), which was published, in an unfinished state, by the Cam- bridge Universitj' Press after his death. KE"YBOAB,D. A frame containing a set of keys, placed in the front part of the pianoforte or organ. The word is also api)lied to the keys, or digitals, taken collectively. The natural keys are of wood covered with white ivory, and the raised keys, touched to produce sharps and flats, are blocks of ebony or other liard black wood. The influence of the kejboard upon the develop- ment of modem music is important. The earliest keyboard of which we have record was that of the hydraulic or water organ, a Greek invention of the second century. In this the keys, eighteen in numl)er, were all level. Strange to say, the principle of the balanced key, which had to be rediscovered in the seventeenth centurj', was then well known. Our modern chromatic key- board was in use as early as 1361, though the keys were so large that they had to be struck with the fist. Their width was, however, grad- ually lessened, and in the spinet made by Pasi, of Modena, in 1490 (the earliest instrument of this class), and in the organ, of Saint Blaise at Brunswick ( 1499), the compass was approximate- ly that of our present keyboard. In most of the early instruments the natural notes are black and the sharps and flats white. Several attempts have been made to refoim the keyboard. The principal objection to all rearrangements is the fact that there is a mass of Ijeautiful music, writ- ten for the modern pianoforte, which could not be adapted to an improved instrument. See Cl-.a- chobd: F^nger-Boabd; Hahpsichobd; Spinet: Temperament: A'irginal. KEYES,kez, Edward Lawrence ( 1843— ). An -American surgeon, son of Gen. Erasnuis Darwin Keyes. He was bom at Fort Moultrie. S. C, graduated at Vale in 1803. and from the medi- cal department of Xew York University in 1806; studied in Paris for a time, and in 1876 lieeanie consulting surgeon to the Charity Hospital, and in 1885 surgeon to the Skin and Cancer Hos- pital and to .Saint Elizabeth's Hospital. From 1875 to 1881 he was adjunct in surgery at the Bellevue Medical College, under Van Buren. his old teacher, with whom he practiced for several years, and who wrote, with him, A Practical Treatise on the Surgical Diseases of the (Icnito- I'rinary Organs (1881). In the same medical school Keyes was professor of dermatology ( 1872 sqq.). He wrote The Venereal Diseases (1880). KEYES, Emer.son Willard (1828-97). An American lawyer and educator. He was born at Jamestown, X. Y., and graduated from the State Xornial School. He was deputy superin- tendent of public instruction of Xew York in 1857- 65. and acting superintendent in 1861-02. He was admitted to the bar in 1862. and became deputy superintendent of the banking dejiartment of Xew York State in 1865, and from 1870 to 1873 served as State Bank Examiner. In 1882 he Iiecame chief clerk of the Brooklyn (X. Y.) Board of Education, a position he retained until his death. He assisted in framing the educational sections in the charter of Greater Xew York and published A'pip York Court of Appeals Reports (1867-69) : History of Savinqs Hanks in the Vnitrd States ( 1 876-73) ; Xew York Code of Public Instructictn